德意志现代化进程中的历史——民族主义因素——兼论马克思的批判

Historical-Nationalistic Factors in the Process of German Modernization——Concurrently on Marx’s Criticism

在“德国式现代问题”的倒逼下,德意志的知识分子将目光对准了历史。经由浪漫主义的铺垫、法国革命的刺激、费希特和黑格尔的激活、普鲁士史学派的强化,德意志的民族主义被置于历史主义温床上滋养壮大,进而成为德意志第二帝国向内聚合、向外侵略的一把利剑。马克思自始就对德国历史主义持批判态度,这主要体现在对其形而上学基础、保守主义原则和历史目的论等三个维度的批判。这种批判表明,尽管德国历史主义低于历史批判的基本水平(即法国的自由主义),但它也需要认真清算。在此基础上,马克思实际上完成了对历史主义和自由主义的双重批判,此乃“唯一的历史科学”得以可能的思想史背景。

Under the pressure of the “German modern problem”,the German intellectuals focused on history.Through the paving of romanticism,the stimulation of the French Revolution,the activation of Fichte and Hegel,and the strengthening of the Prussian historiography school,German nationalism was placed on the hotbed of historicism to nourish and grow,and then became a sharp sword for the inward convergence and outward aggression of the second German Empire.Marx has been critical of German historicism since the beginning,which is mainly reflected in the criticism of its metaphysical basis,conservative principles and historical teleology.This criticism shows that although German historicism is lower than the basic level of historical criticism(that is,French liberalism),it also needs to be seriously liquidated.On this basis,Marx actually completed the double criticism of historicism and liberalism,which is the ideological historical background for the possibility of “the only historical science”.