卡拉胶酶的来源、性质、结构与应用研究进展

Source, property, structure and application of carrageenases: a review

卡拉胶作为构成红藻植物细胞壁的主要成分,是一种由D-半乳糖通过交替的α-1,3和β-1,4糖苷键连接而成的线性硫酸多糖。由于具有良好的成胶能力和化学稳定性,卡拉胶作为增稠剂和胶凝剂等添加剂在食品和化妆品行业中得到了广泛的应用。卡拉胶酶属于糖苷水解酶,可以将卡拉胶降解成一系列偶数聚合度的寡糖。卡拉胶寡糖由于具有抗炎、抗凝和抗肿瘤等多种功能,引起了相关研究者的持续关注。因此,通过筛选、表征或者改造等手段获得具有优良特性的卡拉胶酶成为目前红藻多糖资源开发领域的研究热点。特别是,数十种不同来源的卡拉胶酶已经被分离、鉴定和表征,大大丰富了红藻多糖水解酶的研究领域。根据酶的底物专一性,可将其分为三类:λ-、ι-和κ-卡拉胶酶。本文综述了卡拉胶酶的来源、分类及生化特性的最新进展。此外,还详细介绍了不同家族卡拉胶酶的结构特点和催化机制,并讨论了卡拉胶酶在制备功能性寡糖方面的应用前景。

Carrageenan, as the main component of red algae plant cell walls, is a linear sulfated polysaccharide composed of D-galactose connected by alternating α-1,3 and β-1,4 glycosidic bonds.Due to its excellent gel-forming ability and chemical stability, carrageenan has been widely used as a thickener and gelling agent in the food and cosmetic industries.Carrageenase is a kind of glycoside hydrolase, to degrade carrageenan into a series of oligosaccharides with even-numbered degree of polymerization.Carrageenan oligosaccharides have a variety of functions such as anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulation and anti-tumor, attracting extensive attention of the related researchers.Therefore, obtaining carrageenase with excellent characteristics through screening, characterization or modification has become a hotspot in the field of red algae polysaccharide resource development.Nowadays, dozens of carrageenases from various sources have been isolated, identified and characterized, greatly enriching the research field of red algae polysaccharide hydrolase.According to the substrate specificity of enzymes, it can be divided into three categories: λ-,ι-and κ-carrageenase.This article summarizes the latest developments in the source, classification and biochemical properties of carrageenase.Additionally, the structural characteristics and catalytic mechanism of different families of carrageenase are introduced in detail, and the application prospects of carrageenase in the preparation of functional oligosaccharides are also discussed.