声音的法律属性论争与证成——我国《民法典》第1023条第2款的法教义学分析

Debate and Evidence on the Legal Attribute of Voice——Legal doctrinal analysis of article 1023(2)of China’s Civil Code

我国《民法典》第1023条第2款首次以参照适用肖像权的形式保护自然人的声音,但未具体规定声音的法律属性,理论上存在争议。声音应为一种有独立价值的具体人格权,而非人格利益,这是由其内在属性决定的,具有事实基础和比较法基础。对声音法律属性的证成与证伪,可以弥补对声音的一般性问题理论研究的不足,明确声音权在民事权利体系中的应然地位,从而指导司法实践,构建声音权适用的具体法律规则,体现出尊重声音权人的人格自由与尊严,协调声音权人的私权利与社会的公共利益之间关系的精神。声音是一种自然人人格的标识,声音权以声音为客体,声音权的主要权能包括自我使用权、许可他人使用权。符合特定事由时,行为人享有合理使用声音的权利。发生争议时,应当采取有利于声音权人的合同解释。以是否约定期限为依据,解除声音许可使用合同的方式包括任意解除、法定解除。

Article 1023(2)of the personality right series of China’s Civil Code protects the voice of natural person in the form of reference to the application of portrait right for the first time,but there is no specific provision on the legal attribute of voice,which is controversial in theory.Voice is a specific personality right with independent value,not personality interests,which is determined by its internal attributes and has the basis of fact and comparative law.The proof and falsification of the legal attribute of voice can make up for the lack of theoretical research on the general problems of voice,clarify the natural position of voice right in the civil rights system,so as to guide legal practice,construct the specific legal rules applicable to voice right,and reflect the spirit of respecting the personal freedom and dignity of voice right holders and coordinating the relationship between the private rights of voice right holders and the public interests of society.Voice is a sign of natural person’s personality;voice right takes voice as the object.The main functions of voice right include the right to use and the right to license.When the specific reasons are met,the actor has the right to use the voice reasonably.In case of any dispute,the contract interpretation in favor of the right holder shall be adopted.Based on whether the time limit is agreed or not,the ways to terminate the voice license contract include arbitrary termination and statutory rescission.