城乡收入分布与经济结构转型

Urban and Rural Income Distribution and Structural Transformation

主流文献将经济结构转型的驱动因素归结为需求侧的收入效应和供给侧的相对价格效应,即代表性消费者对自身收入和产品相对价格的反应塑造了消费结构,进而引起资源在三大产业间的再配置。然而,非位似偏好设定下的代表性消费者不是社会整体行为的合理替代。为解决上述缺陷,将城乡收入分布引入多部门增长模型,提出收入差距对经济结构转型的作用机制:一方面,收入差距决定了异质性的消费结构,致使收入效应依赖于收入分布;另一方面,收入差距也导致城乡居民在人力资本支出上存在差异,而人力资本水平改变了产品相对价格。此外,包含城乡收入分布的多部门增长模型仍存在满足“卡尔多事实”和“库兹涅茨事实”的广义平衡增长路径。最后,收入再分配政策扭曲了城镇居民和农村居民的消费和投资(包括物质资本投资和人力资本投资)行为,并且降低农村人口比重和增加农村居民人均收入分别因收入效应和相对价格效应起主导作用对经济结构转型产生抑制作用,但后者的影响力度相对较轻。

The mainstream literature attributed the driving factors of structural transformation to the demand-side income effect and the supply-side relative price effect,that is,the response of representative consumers to income and relative price of products shaped the consumption structure,which led to the reallocation of resources among the three industries. However,representative consumers under nonhomothetic preference are not a reasonable substitute for the overall behavior of society. In this regard,this paper introduces urban-rural income distribution into a multi-sectoral grow th model,and proposes the mechanism of income disparity in structural transformation: On the one hand,income disparity produces a heterogeneous consumption structure,and the income effect depends on income distribution;On the other hand,the income disparity also affects human capital expenditure,and the level of human capital changes the relative price of products. At the same time,with the introduction of urban and rural income distribution,the theoretical model still has a generalized balanced growth path that satisfies the“Kaldor facts”and the“Kuznets facts”. Finally,the mechanism and policy effects of the two income redistribution measures are analyzed through numerical simulation,and it is found that increasing the proportion of rural population and increasing the per capita income of rural residents have different mechanisms for structural transformation,and the latter has a weaker restraining effect.