2021年繁殖季野生鸳鸯对哈尔滨市兆麟公园中植物的利用状况

Utilization of Plants by Wild Mandarin Ducks in Zhaolin Park of Harbin City during the Breeding Season in 2021

于2021年4月至9月,在哈尔滨市兆麟公园中的野生鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)繁殖地,采集了野生鸳鸯的粪便和兆麟公园内相关的植物样本,采用粪便显微分析法,调查野生鸳鸯对兆麟公园中植物资源的利用状况;采用概略养分分析法,研究孵化期野生鸳鸯取食植物的营养成分。研究结果表明,2021年4月至9月(野生鸳鸯的繁殖季),在兆麟公园内,野生鸳鸯共取食了17科29种(含1种未知物种)植物,以榆科(Ulmaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)、鸭跖草科(Commelinaceae)和禾本科(Poaceae)植物为主,取食相对密度分别为26.15%、18.35%、18.34%和14.50%;在野生鸳鸯繁殖季,在野生鸳鸯的粪便中,植物根、茎、叶和种子的平均取食相对密度分别为0.23%、16.22%、61.21%和19.74%;在野生鸳鸯的交配期、孵化期和育幼期,野生鸳鸯对植物不同部位的取食偏好存在差异;在野生鸳鸯的育幼期,野生鸳鸯取食的植物种类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和其食物的生态位宽度指数分别为2.67、0.89和12.11,明显大于野生鸳鸯的交配期和孵化期的相关指数,随着时间的推移,野生鸳鸯食物的生态位宽度逐渐增大。在野生鸳鸯的繁殖季,兆麟公园中的野生鸳鸯取食的植物具有广泛性,取食的植物种类受季节变化和植物自身营养成分的影响。在野生鸳鸯的育幼期,野生鸳鸯对兆麟公园中的植物资源的利用程度较高。建议在绿化时,兆麟公园的管理人员应该保留鸳鸯等野生鸟类取食相对密度较大的本地植物,例如,中华苦荬菜(Ixeris chinensis)、鸭跖草(Commelina communis)和东北蒲公英(Taraxacum ohwianum)等;在野生鸳鸯的交配期,应该重点养护榆树(Ulmus pumila)和重瓣榆叶梅(Amygdalus triloba)等植物;在野生鸳鸯的孵化期,不清除鸭跖草;在野生鸳鸯的育幼期,适当保留早熟禾(Poa annua)、龙葵(Solanum nigrum)和白车轴草(Trifolium repens),以及适当补充种植马蔺(Iris lactea)和玉簪(Hosta plantaginea)等既能起到绿化作用,又能作为野生鸳鸯食物的本地植物。

The feces of wild Mandarin ducks(Aix galericulata)and related plant samples in Zhaolin Park in Harbin city were collected during the breeding period from April to September 2021,to investigate the utilization of plants in the park by Mandarin ducks with fecal microscopic analysis method,and Nutritional components of the plants eaten by wild Mandarin ducks during the incubation period were detected using rough nutrient analysis method.The results showed that from April to September 2021(the breeding season of wild Mandarin ducks),wild Mandarin ducks in Zhaolin Park ate a total of 29 species(including 1 unknown species)of 17 families,mainly Ulmaceae,Asteraceae,Commelinaceae and Poaceae,with relative feeding densities of 26.15%,18.35%,18.34%and 14.50%,respectively.In the breeding season of wild Mandarin ducks,the average relative feeding densities of plant roots,stems,leaves and seeds in the feces of wild Mandarin ducks were 0.23%,16.22%,61.21%and 19.74%,respectively.During the mating,incubation and nursery periods of wild Mandarin ducks,there were diversities in the their feeding preferences for different parts of plants.During the breeding period,the Shannon-Wiener diversity index,Pielou uniformity index and niche width index of the plant species taken by wild Mandarin ducks were 2.67,0.89 and 12.11,respectively,which are significantly greater than those of the mating period and incubation period,with the ecological niche width of wild Mandarin duck food increasing over time.During the breeding season of wild Mandarin ducks,there were rich plants in Zhaolin Park,and the types of plants taken by wild Mandarin ducks were affected by seasonal changes and the nutrients of the plants themselves.During the nursery period,wild Mandarin ducks had a high degree of utilization of plant resources in Zhaolin Park.It is suggested that when greening,managers of Zhaolin Park should keep wild birds such as Mandarin ducks to feed on relatively dense native plants,such as lxeris chinensis,Commelina communis,and Taraxacum ohwianum.Besides,plants such as Ulmus pumila and Amygdalus triloba,should be maintained with emphasis during the mating period,Commelina communis should not be removed during the incubation period,and Poa annua,Solanum nigrum and Trifolium repens are suggested to be appropriately retained during the nursery period of wild Mandarin ducks,supplemented by planting local plants such as Iris lactea and Hosta plantaginea,so as to support greening and provide food for wild Mandarin ducks.