杭州中山公园植物景观历史变迁探析(1912—2021年)

Historical Changes of Plant Landscape in Zhongshan Park of Hangzhou(1912—2021)

杭州中山公园兼具清代景观遗址和纪念性公园的双重园林属性,已有百余年的建园历史,植物景观在其建设、发展过程中占据着重要地位。梳理民国以来中山公园绿化建设历程,并借助历史影像和文字史料,对园中3处样点分不同历史时期进行植物景观平面复原,探究其历史变迁特征。研究表明,中山公园植物景观建设经历了“加强纪念性氛围-提升游憩观赏体验-增加园林资源收入-提升风景旅游资源吸引力-加强文化氛围”数次景观需求的变更,在不同历史时期对植物的观赏、文化和经济价值各有侧重。从具体的植物调整来看,树种应用类型受到时代价值取向、植物生长适宜性及景观空间视线关系等因素影响不断进行优化,水平空间结构的变化与周边景观要素密切相关,垂直空间结构则多由单层向复层转变,且乔木相对灌草而言稳定性更高。

Hangzhou Zhongshan Park has the dual garden attributes of Qing Dynasty landscape ruins and memorial park,which has a history of more than 100 years.Plant landscape occupies an important position in its construction and development.This paper sorts out the greening construction process of Zhongshan Park since the Republic of China,and restores the plant landscape plane of three sample points in different historical periods based on historical images and written materials,to explore the characteristics of historical changes.The results show that the plant landscape construction of Zhongshan Park has had several changes in landscape demands of "strengthening commemorative atmosphere-improving sightseeing experience-increasing income of garden resources-improving attraction of landscape tourism resources-strengthening cultural atmosphere".There are different emphases on the ornamental,cultural and economic value of plants in different historical periods.From the perspective of specific plant adjustment,the application types of tree species are continuously optimized under the influence of several factors,such as value orientation of different period,suitability of plant growth and sight line of landscape space.The change of horizontal spatial structure is closely related to the surrounding landscape elements,while the vertical spatial structure is mostly changed from single layer to multi-layer,and the stability of trees is higher than shrubs and herbs.