20世纪50年代以来川西羌族地区的生计转型研究——以东门口寨的民族志考察为例

Livelihood Transitions in the Qiangic Regions in West Sichuan since 1950s——Based on Ethnographic Investigations in Dongmenkou Village

人类社会特定群体的生计方式是人类学研究的传统领域,时至今日保持着旺盛的学术生命力。20世纪50年代以来,在持续转换的时代语境下,中国西南民族地区的村落社会的生计方式发生了快速的变化。本文以川西北羌族地区东门口寨为个案,在田野调查的基础上,结合文献资料,梳理了此村寨生计转型的基本轨迹。整体而言,近七十年间,东门口寨生计模式的生存取向不断弱化,市场取向持续强化。20世纪50—80年代,为实现温饱的粮食种植与牲畜养殖,是该村寨的主要生计模式;80年代到2008年汶川地震期间,秋淡蔬菜种植、经济林木栽培、玉砂开采,均面向市场;灾后重建以来,东门口寨被贴上“羌人谷门户”的标签,当地民众开始接待游客。20世纪50年代以来,东门口寨的生计转型有力地塑造了村落社会的总体面貌,并影响其未来走向。东门口寨在较大程度上具有西南民族区域范围内的典型特征。从现有的民族志材料出发,展望东门口寨的生计方式前景,能对西南地区的众多民族村寨有所启示。

Livelihood for specific human populations as a traditional realm for anthropological studies enjoys enormous academic vitality so far.In the context of ever-changing times since 1950 s,rapid change has happened to livelihood for village communities in ethnic regions in southwest China.Based on the fieldwork,underpinned with literature,this paper has sorted out the basic orbits of livelihood transformations in Dongmenkou Village.Given livelihood of this village in general,the subsisting part of which has been increasingly weakened;the marketing portion of which has been ramped up in the past 7 decades.From 1950 s to 1980 s,growing crops and raising domestic animals to ensure basic living needs has stayed as a main mode of living.From 1980 s to May 12 th 2008,growing vegetables in the fall to meet short supply,planting trees of economic value,and mining jade sands are geared toward marketing.Since the post-disaster reconstruction,Dongmenkou Village labeled ‘The Gateway of the Qiang People’s Valley’ has opened its door to tourists.This village’s livelihood changes have vigorously shaped the overall look of the village-based communities and their future.Dongmenkou Village is largely an epitome of ethnic regions in southwest China.The future development of ethnic villages in southwest China may be inspired by the current ethnographic documents plus Dongmenkou Village in prospect.