古代日本“歌垣”形式考析——以古代中日交流史为视角

One Study of the Form of"Utagaki"in Ancient Japan:From the Perspective of Ancient China and Japanese Communication History

以中日两国歌垣(对歌)相关的文献史料和西南地区苗族对歌习俗的调查结果作为主要资料,从古代中日交流史的视角,探讨古代日本“歌垣”的形式。首先,“歌垣”的“垣”应该具有实际语义,指歌垣的场所,“歌垣”即在“垣”中对“歌”。“柴垣”是歌垣的“垣”的形式之一,“柴垣”的神圣性来自于古代日本对于“柴”的崇拜“。柴垣”的原型之一是“宛丘”样式的“土垣”“。土垣”在稻作文化中是“蛇”的象征。可见中日两国的“垣”中“歌”可以在曾经生活在长江中下游的苗族等传统稻作民族中找到源头。

Based on the relevant historical documents and of the Utagaki(antiphonal songs)between China and Japan,and research on Miao custom in Southwest China,this paper discusses the form of the Utagaki in ancient Japan from the perspective of the communication history between ancient China and Japan.First,the"Kaki"of"Utagaki"should have practical meaning,referring to the place of Utagaki,so the"Utagaki"refers to the"song"in the"Kaki";Second,"Shibagaki"is one of the"Kaki"forms of Utagaki,"Shibagaki"as the place’s sacredness comes from the sacred worship of"Shiba"in ancient Japan;Last,one of the prototypes of ancient Japan’s"Shibagaki"is"earth wall",which was in the shape of"wanqiu".The style of"earth wall"is the symbol of"snake"in rice culture.It can be seen that the style of"song"in the"Yuan"of China and Japan can be found in the ethnic groups who represent rice culture,and this source should be the Miao people and other traditional rice planting ethnic groups who once lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.