现代生物技术发展中生物安全风险的刑法治理

Criminal Law Management of Biosafety Risk in The Development of Modern Biotechnology

单一法典化的立法模式、纯正与不纯正生物刑法混杂的立法体系,无法适应现代生物技术发展中生物安全风险防控的现实需要;生物犯罪罪名体系不健全、处罚前置化的立法技术遭到冷遇,阻遇了生物安全的刑法保障效力。生物刑法的保护法益是生物安全,其属于国家安全法体系的重要组成部分,具有预防性刑法的属性。未来,应从如下三方面实现生物技术风险刑法治理体系的现代化:①应尽快在生物行政法中规定生物犯罪的要件及刑罚,最终建立实质附属刑法与刑法典并行的多元生物刑法立法模式;②以法益为标准,构建类型化的罪名体系,对危害国家安全、公共安全类生物犯罪,确立"又严又厉"的刑事法网;对主要侵害生态安全法益的犯罪,建立"严而不厉"的刑事法网;而对生物安全风险监管类职务犯靠,应构筑基本犯与加重犯结合的刑事法网;③适当地运用拍象危险犯、累积犯等立法技术,以实现刑法对现代生物技术安全风险的提前介入预先防控。

The single codification legislative model and the mixed legislative system of pure and impure biological criminal law cannot meet the practical needs of biosafety risk management in the development of modern biotechnology.The unsound accusation system of biological crimes and the ignored legislative technology of preemprive punishment have inhibited the protection efect of biological safety in criminal law.Biological criminal law,whose protection benefit is biological safety,has the property of preventive criminal law,and belongs to the important part of the national security law system.In the future,the modernization of biological criminal law should be realized from the following three aspects:①the requirement and penalty of biological crime should be stipulated in biological administrative law as soon as possible,and the substantive subsidiary criminal law and the legislative model of multiple biological criminal law parallel with criminal code is finally established.②Based on legal interests,a lypified charge system is constructed,and a strict and severe criminal legal net is cestablished for biological crimes endangering national secu-rity and public security.For duty-related crimes of biosecurity risk supervision,a criminal legal network combining basic crime and aggravated crime should be constructed.③Abstract dangerous crime,cumulative crime and other legislative techniques should be adopted appropriately to realize the early intervention and prevention and control of biosecurity risks in criminal law.