从政治史观到文明史观:西方学者对俄罗斯帝国保守主义的研究转向

Research on Russian Imperial Consevation Truns form the Perspective of Polotics History and Civilization History

西方学者对俄罗斯帝国保守主义理论内核的探讨正在经历着从政治史观到文明史观的缓慢转向。在政治史观视角下,保守主义将俄罗斯帝国视为一种典型的“世袭制”国家。君主不仅对整个帝国拥有最终所有权,而且是国家最高政治权威。在文明史观视角下,保守主义遵从历史进程的连续性、社会发展的继承性和改革的渐进性原则,很大程度上解构了保守主义理论所面临的传统和现代、特殊性和普遍性矛盾。政治史观将保守主义丰富的理论内核与现实意义强行压缩在狭小的政治理论空间;文明史观对保守主义的考察不仅包括政治领域,而且涵盖社会生活的各项范畴,具有更为广阔的学术视野。

Western scholars’ discussion on the theoretical core of Russian imperial conservatism has experienced a slow transition from the view of political history to the view of civilization history. From the perspective of politics history, conservatives regard the Russian Empire as a typical “hereditary” country. The monarch not only has the ultimate ownership of the whole empire, but also is the highest political authority of the country.From the perspective of civilization history, conservatism follows the principles of continuity of historical process, inheritance of social development and gradual reform. This characteristic fundamentally deconstructs the contradiction between tradition and modernity, particularity and universality faced by conservative theory. The view of political history forces the rich theoretical core and practical significance of conservatism into a narrow political theoretical space;The study of conservatism in the historical view of civilization includes not only the political field, but also various categories of social life, which has a broader academic vision.