生物态碳-陶瓷基复合材料制备方法的研究现状

Research status in processing biomorphic carbon-ceramic matrix composites

近年来,碳-陶瓷基复合材料因其耐高温、低密度、抗腐蚀性能好、热膨胀系数低、性能可设计性强等特点成为研究热点之一,将生物态材料的多孔结构引入陶瓷基体中制备具有生物形态的碳-陶瓷复合材料的研究已引起关注。本文综述了生物态碳-陶瓷基复合材料的多孔结构、制备工艺、性能以及应用前景。强调设计材料微观结构的重要性,并详细介绍了碳-陶瓷基复合材料制备过程中的关键技术——渗透技术,包括:化学气相渗透、熔融渗透、溶胶凝胶渗透、料浆渗透、聚合物前驱体渗透、熔盐渗透六种渗透技术,并对其存在的问题提出解决方案。综述了生物态碳-陶瓷基复合材料压缩强度和断裂强度等性能,对未来的性能研究方向提出建议,指出应测试高温、强酸强碱、冷热交替环境下材料的力学性能。探讨生物态碳-陶瓷基复合材料在航空发动机叶片、汽车尾气净化器、催化剂载体三个方面的潜在应用,概述在复杂成型、较强的力学性能和热稳定性等方面的挑战和实际局限性。最后,对生物形态的碳-陶瓷基复合材料制备工艺的改进、力学性能的研究进行展望,为生物态碳-陶瓷基复合材料的研制和应用提供理论依据和参考。

In recent years,carbon-ceramic matrix composite materials have become a hot topic due to their high temperature resistance,low density,good corrosion resistance,low thermal expansion coefficient,and strong performance design.Biomorphic carbon-ceramic composites have been prepared by introducing the wood-derived pore structure into ceramic matrix.The pore structure,preparation process,properties and application prospects of biomorphic carbon-ceramic matrix composites were reviewed.The importance of designing the microstructure of materials was emphasized,and the key technology in the preparation process of carbon-ceramic matrix composites-infiltration technology were specified,including:chemical vapor infiltration,melt infiltration,sol-gel infiltration,slurry infiltration,polymer precursor infiltration,and molten salt infiltration.The solutions to the existing problems of each technology were proposed.Composite strength and fracture strength of biomass carbon-ceramic matrix composites were reviewed.Suggestions for future research directions on the performance were put forward.It was pointed out that the mechanical properties of materials should be tested under high temperature,strong acid and strong alkali,and alternating cold and heat environments.The potential applications of biomorphic carbon-ceramic matrix composites were discussed in three aspects,including aero-engine blades,automobile exhaust gas purifiers,and catalyst carriers.Existing challenges and practical limitations such as complex molding,strong mechanical properties and thermal stability were outlined.Finally,the improvement of the preparation process and the study of mechanical properties of biomorphic carbon-ceramic matrix composites were prospected,which provides theoretical basis and guidance for the development and application of biomorphic carbon-ceramic matrix composites.