被告人受审能力认定标准的再构造——兼及无受审能力被告人缺席审判的范围

Reconstruction of the Standard for Competency to Stand Trial——And also the Application Scope of Trial in Absentia for Incompetent defendants

目前我国相关规范性文件所确立的平面式受审能力认定标准,虽有助于提升诉讼效率、维护程序德性和保障案件真实发现,但也存在未能有效保障被告人自主权、公共利益维护难以及鉴定专家主导受审能力的认定等问题。为此,应改采进阶式认定标准,将受审能力区分为参加庭审的基础能力与放弃自主行使的诉讼权利的决定能力。进阶式受审能力认定标准能够较好地平衡被告人自主权的防御功能与处分功能,促进公共利益与被告人个人权益的协调实现。重疾类被告人可否缺席审判不宜一概而论。

Although the traditional plane standard for competency to stand trial in accordance with the current relevant law,is helpful to improve litigation efficiency,maintain dignity of process and ensure true discovery,it has problems such as failure to effectively protect the defendant ’ s autonomy,failure to effectively safeguard public interests,and possibly leading forensic experts to lead the determination of the competency to stand trial.The standard for competency to stand trial should be adjusted to a hierarchy one,which includes the basic competence of attending trial and the decisional competence.The hierarchy standard for competency to stand trial contributes to balance the defense function and disposition function of autonomy,and can better coordinate the public interest and the interests of the defendant.Whether trial in absentia should be used for sick defendant should be distinguished.