儒学在贵州少数民族地区的传播影响

The Spread and Influence of Confucianism in the Ethnic Minority Areas of Guizhou

儒学自两汉始在贵州少数民族地区有了初步的传入影响,并随着历史的演进而渐进增强。汉代中央王朝对西南夷的开发,孕育出主动习儒传儒、开发民智的“汉三贤”。明代贵州建省,统治者大力兴教,加之贬谪贵州的儒士王阳明创办书院讲学,当地少数民族上层积极靠拢儒学,大大促进了儒学在贵州的传播。清朝雍、乾改土归流后,书院、义学的繁盛,使儒学在贵州少数民族地区的传播影响更趋广泛、深入,以伦理为本的儒学文化逐渐被少数民族普遍认同、吸收、融汇,促进了各民族共有精神家园建设。

Confucianism began to exert influence in the ethnic minority areas of Guizhou during the Han Dynasty,research shows,and it gained strength throughout history. The Ming Dynasty was a significant period of expansion of Confucianism in the ethnic regions of Guizhou,increasing its influence. Guizhou was later established as a province,and its rulers vigorously promoted education in the southwestern ethnic areas and stipulated that the children of the Tusi( i. e. native officials) had to be taught Confucianism. Those who had not been educated in it were not allowed to inherit the Tusi position. By the late Ming Dynasty period,Guizhou had gradually formed an educational system that combined official schools( guanxue),social schools( shexue),academies( shuyuan),and other forms of private schooling. The Ming Dynasty itself also promoted the implementation of an imperial examination system in Guizhou,which greatly fostered a vigorous development of education and personnel training in Guizhou. This article tries to show that the upper echelons of ethnic minorities in Guizhou actively addressed and spread Confucianism,which also promoted the further expansion of Confucianism in Guizhou. The most representative example is Mrs. Shexiang,the leader of the Yi in Shuixi,Guizhou,during the Ming Dynasty.History teaches that during the Qing Dynasty,the spread of Confucianism in the ethnic minority areas of Guizhou was more extensive and in-depth.The large-scale implementation of the policy of“replacement of Tusi with royally appointed officials”( gaitu guiliu) in ethnic areas of Guizhou during the late Kangxi and Yongzheng years further developed Guizhou education: The number of government schools at all levels and various types greatly surpassed that of the Ming Dynasty,and the academy and free school education thrived,significantly expanding the influence of Confucianism geographically. Studies show that in the past children of ethnic peoples in Guizhou,lacking in writing skills,were positively influenced by Confucian etiquette;as a consequence,they began to recite poetry and books and take part in scientific examinations as a fashion statement. Moreover,this article demonstrates that due to an extended period of interchange with the Han ethnicity,other ethnic peoples generally absorbed the customs and culture of the Han. For example,in terms of marriage,funerals,and other customs,the minorities learned more about the etiquette conventions of the Han people. In addition,many Miao and Buyi people married Han people. Among Miao and Buyi students,many entered a career as an official through imperial examination. Results additionally indicate that the in-depth influence of Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty on the ideology and culture of ethnic minorities in Guizhou is highlighted in the integration of Confucian ethics and morality in the genealogy of ethnic minorities in Guizhou and the rules and regulations of the township.In the process of historical development,this journal article concludes that Confucian culture,with ethics and morality as its core,has deeply penetrated and nourished the ideological concepts of the ethnic peoples in Guizhou. It seems to have provided a decisive guarantee for building a strong sense of community of the Chinese nation.