我国民事执行基本原则:功能重塑与系统整合

Basic Principles of Civil Enforcement in China:Remodeling Function and Integrating System

《中华人民共和国民事强制执行法(草案)》进入立法程序标志着我国民事执行法解释学时代的到来。民事执行基本原则发挥枢纽作用,但也是既有研究的薄弱环节。《草案》描绘的基本原则是解决“执行难”的有益经验,但须完成民事执行法解释学之功能调整与系统整合,即对执行立法理念的第二层具体化作业和以基本原则为导向的具体制度构建(第三次具体化作业),并在“执行公正兼顾效率→民事权利实现”之基础上形成我国的民事执行法解释学。以德日为代表的执行编和执行单行法均未明文规定基本原则,其在学理上的探讨远不及民事诉讼基本原则。以《草案》第2条至第8条为基础,经过体系解释、历史解释之解释学作业后将呈现二阶层的民事执行基本原则构造。一方面,以处分原则为代表的民事诉讼基本原则应一体化执行基本原则,此外还有辩论原则、诚信原则和法律监督原则(第一阶层),“审执分离”不能自动导出理论体系的二元化。另一方面,以形式化原则、效率原则和债务人保护原则为导向进行重塑和整合后《,草案》可集中规定特有原则(第二阶层)。这同样是民事诉讼法典化的内在要求和基本作业。

The entry of Civil Enforcement Law(Draft)into the legislative process marks the advent of the era of the hermeneutics of civil enforcement law.The basic principles of civil enforcement play a pivotal role,but there are also weak links in existing research.The basic principles depicted in the Draft are useful experiences in solving“difficulties in enforcement”,but the function of the hermeneutics of Civil Enforcement Law must be remodeled and the system of it must be integrated,which means the second concrete work on the concept of enforcement legislation and the construction of specific systems oriented by basic principles(the third concrete work),leading to the formation of our civil enforcement law hermeneutics based on the principle of“justified enforcement with efficiency→civil rights realization”.The enforcement chapter in the civil procedure code or the single law of enforcement represented by Germany and Japan does not expressly provide for the basic principles,and the discussion on the basic principles of civil enforcement is far less than of civil procedure.Based on Art.2 to Art.8 in the Draft,the hermeneutic work with systemic and historical interpretation will present a two-tier structure of the basic principles of civil enforcement.On the one hand,the basic principles of civil procedure,which are represented by the disposition principle,should be equally applied as the basic principles of enforcement,in addition,there are the principles of debate,good faith and legal supervision(the first level).The“separation of trial and enforcement”cannot automatically lead to the dualization of the theoretical system.On the other hand,after reshaping and integrating the Civil Enforcement Law under the guidance of the principles of formalization,efficiency and debtor protection,the Draft can focus on providing for the principles specific for enforcement(the second level).This is also an inherent requirement and a basic operation for the codification of civil procedure.