声景概念下城市安静区的类型、特征与塑造

Classifications,Characteristics and Design of Urban Quiet Areas Based on the Concept of Soundscape

建立城市安静区对提升人居环境具有重要作用。目前,城市安静区的研究主要集中在环境声级的控制。如何在中国的文化背景下,从声景的角度建立具有不同内涵特征,符合各类需求的安静区,具有重要的研究价值。通过扎根理论探究了安静区的要素并对城市安静区进行分类,将安静区归纳为寂静、幽静、肃静、娴静、沉静和恬静六种类型。在此基础上通过视听交互实验探究了不同类型安静区的特征。结果表明寂静与幽静主要受植物景观的影响,水体景观更易影响沉静,人文景观更易塑造肃静和娴静,恬静更具生活气息。景观要素的选择与配比可以营造不同的安静区氛围,使安静区满足居民的各种行为需求。研究结果为建立我国的城市安静区提供了支撑。

The recently promulgated Law of the People’s Republic of China on Noise Pollution Prevention and Control in 2022 proposes to‘encourage the creation of quiet areas such as quiet communities and quiet carriages,and jointly maintain a harmonious and peaceful living environment’.This clarifies the importance of urban quiet areas for the first time from the level of national legislation.A core issue in planning and constructing urban quiet areas in China is how to establish quiet areas with different connotation characteristics and meet the needs of various human settlements from a soundscape perspective based on the local cultural background.Therefore,urban green spaces such as gardens,parks and squares were selected in this paper.The differences among natural and cultural landscapes,regions and environments were considered,and 20 typical urban spaces were selected for the study.The following research questions aim to be explored through grounded theory and audio-visual interaction experiments:(1)How are China’s urban quiet areas classified from a soundscape perspective;(2)What factors influence the characteristics of different types of quiet areas;(3)How can urban quiet areas in China be designed.A research framework for urban quiet areas under the concept of soundscape is first established in this paper,including six categories:acoustic environment,context,expectation,perception,responses,and outcomes.Based on the interpretation of each category,a conceptual framework for urban quiet areas has been developed to illustrate the relationships among these categories.The quiet areas are then grouped into six types:silent,secluded,solemn,serene,calm,and restful.These types are based on the interpretation of each category and from traditional Chinese culture.When carrying out the characteristics analysis of these quiet areas,it was found that the various types of quiet areas have obvious differences in plant scenes,water scenes,cultural scenes and living scenes.In terms of the soundscape perception evaluation,restful areas effectively improve acoustic comfort,while silent areas have little effect on improving acoustic comfort.In terms of the soundscape dimensions,all quiet areas help improve relaxation,most quiet areas help improve communication,and one can only perceive higher dynamics and spatiality in restful areas.In terms of the design of the quiet area,silent areas are considered an environment that lacks vitality and has a monotonous soundscape.Therefore,silent areas can satisfy the need for concentration.Silent areas can be designed by increasing the planting density of vegetation,constructing irregular spatial forms,reducing the disturbance of artificial sounds,and enhancing the natural atmosphere.Secluded areas can help users to get closer to nature and achieve relaxation and communication.When designing the secluded areas,more enclosed and irregular spatial forms should be chosen,and rich vegetation should be planted.Meanwhile,buildings in the visual scene should be avoided.Solemn areas meet the need for concentration and help users experience a monumental and historic atmosphere.Solemn areas can be created by the solemn cultural landscape,such as monumental and historic buildings,while the corresponding spatial profile should be neat.Serene areas have an intense cultural atmosphere and can meet the behavioural needs of users,such as relaxation,communication,and cultural activities.Serene areas can be designed by installing artistic vignettes,near-human-scale leisure facilities and soothing music.Calm areas can facilitate communication and help users relax.The introduction of natural sounds such as water in natural landscapes or historical and monumental landscapes is conducive to creating calmness.Restful areas are suitable for people seeking to relax,communicate and conduct activities.Integrating natural and urban landscapes and creating the atmosphere of living and culture all contribute to the design of restful areas.This study can help designers make use of various landscape elements in the urban environment to create different types of quiet areas,improve the comfort and vitality of the urban environment,and enrich it,improving quality of life.