Advances and perspective on animal models and hydrogel biomaterials for diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wounds are a common complication in diabetes patients.Due to peripheral nerve damage and vascular dysfunction,diabetic wounds are prone to progress to local ulcers,wound gangrene and even to require amputation,bringing huge psychological and economic burdens to patients.However,the current treatment methods for diabetic wounds mainly include wound accessories,negative pressure drainage,skin grafting and surgery;there is still no ideal treatment to promote diabetic wound healing at present.Appropriate animal models can simulate the physiological mechanism of diabetic wounds,providing a basis for translational research in treating diabetic wound healing.Although there are no animal models that can fully mimic the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic wounds in humans,it is vital to explore animal simulation models used in basic research and preclinical studies of diabetic wounds.In addition,hydrogel materials are regarded as a promising treatment for diabetic wounds because of their good antimicrobial activity,biocompatibility,biodegradation and appropriate mechanical properties.Herein,we review and discuss the different animal models used to investigate the pathological mechanisms of diabetic wounds.We further discuss the promising future application of hydrogel biomaterials in diabetic wound healing.