摘要
Approximately one third of renal cell carcinoma(RCC)patients have metastasis at the time of diagnosis,while one third of localized patients inevitably develop disease recurrence[1,2].To date,there are four drug combinations with immunotherapies which have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as first-line therapy in metastatic RCC(mRCC):pembrolizumab(anti-programmed cell death protein 1[anti-PD-1]antibody)plus axitinib(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor[VEGF-R]tyrosine kinase inhibitor[TKI]),avelumab(anti-PD-L1 antibody)plus axitinib,nivolumab(anti-PD-1 antibody)plus cabozantinib(multi-target TKI),and nivolumab plus ipilimumab(anticytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 antibody),replacing monotherapies with TKIs targeting the VEGF-R pathway[1].
