高铁对城市经济空间结构影响的研究综述

Review of Impact of High-speed Rail on Urban Economic Spatial Structure

高铁是区域快速综合交通网的主骨架,作为城市间高效快捷的出行方式,为提升通道客运能力和缓解既有铁路货运压力起到重要作用。本文从高铁对城市可达性、要素市场及空间结构的影响等3方面,综述了国内外高铁对城市经济空间结构影响研究的主要成果,归纳总结了共性结论和存在的分歧。通过分析高铁对城市可达性变化的程度和可达性变化在不同区域之间是否平衡,揭示高铁(网络)对城市间出行需求的直接影响。城市可达性的改善进一步重塑生产要素的区域空间分布,加速资本和人口流动,促进产业发展和就业改善,并对土地和住房市场产生深远影响。市场各种要素的相互作用给城市宏观经济发展,特别是高铁站区空间重构带来重大机遇。系统评估高铁对城市经济空间结构的影响,能够为管理部门高铁投资决策、规划建设及影响评估等提供参考。最后,结合理论研究与实践经验,并基于新时代背景展望了有待开展的若干重点研究方向:一是将城市群视作新的利益集合体,研究高铁投资的经济效益、收益分配和高铁开通后对城市群经济发展和要素空间分布的影响;二是探究高铁通勤行为对城市资本、人口和土地等要素市场的影响,剖析车站选址和票价变化等影响高铁通勤的关键性因素;三是考虑城市间高铁竞争与合作博弈行为和客货混跑模式对城市经济空间结构影响的新变化;四是运用大数据和机器学习等新兴技术分析高铁对城市经济微观层面的影响。

High-speed rail(HSR) is the main framework of a regional rapid comprehensive transport network. As an efficient and fast mode between cities, it plays an important role in improving passenger transport capacity and alleviating existing rail freight pressure. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art results of impacts of HSR on urban economic spatial structure from the aspects of urban accessibility, factor market, and spatial structure, and then summarizes the common conclusions and differences. The direct impact of HSR(network) on intercity travel demand is revealed by analyzing the degree of change in accessibility and whether it is balanced across regions. The improvement of urban accessibility further reshapes the regional spatial distribution of production factors, accelerates the transfer of capital and population, promotes industrial development and employment, and has a profound impact on land and housing markets. The interaction of various market factors brings great opportunities to urban macroeconomy, especially the spatial reconstruction of HSR stations. Systematic evaluation of the impact of HSR on the urban economic spatial structure can provide a reference for the administration to make decisions on HSR investment,planning and construction, and impact assessment. Combined with theoretical research and practical experiences, and based on the background of the new era, this paper reveals some key research directions: the first is to study the economic benefits and revenue distribution of HSR investment and the impact of HSR on economic development and spatial distribution of factors, considering urban agglomeration as a new interest group;the second is to investigate the impact of HSR commuting behavior on capital, population, land, and other factor markets, and analyze the key factors affecting HSR commuting such as station location and ticket price changes;the third is to consider the new changes in the impact of HSR competition and cooperation between cities and the mixed running mode of passenger and freight on urban economic spatial structure;the last is to analyze the impact of HSR on the urban economy at a micro level by utilizing emerging technologies like machine learning and big data.