语境原则和组合性原则——《逻辑哲学论》中有意义命题和无意义命题探析

Context Principle and Principle of Compositionality——Meaningful and Nonsensical Propositions of the Tractatus

《逻辑哲学论》中的“无意义”概念一直是学界关注的核心问题。学者们将一个命题无意义的原因归结为两个:一是命题中的指号没有依照逻辑句法规则进行结合,二是未能赋予命题中的某些指号以任何意谓或是恰当的意谓。显然,这些争论要么强调命题的意义优先于名称的意谓,要么肯定名称的意谓优先于命题的意义,从而忽视了命题的意义和名称的意谓是两个相互依存的部分。维特根斯坦将意义和意谓分别赋予命题和名称,命题的意义和名称的意谓可以分别由语境原则和组合性原则来确定。一个有意义命题在于语境原则和组合性原则之间统一和融合。相对照之下,一个命题之所以是无意义在于语境原则和组合性原则之间的对立和冲突。

Wittgenstein’s conception of nonsense has been a topic of heated debate in Tractatus.The reason for a nonsensical proposition lies in the fact that either the constituent of a proposition are not combined according to the logical syntactic rules,or fail to give any or appropriate meaning to certain signs.Obviously,these arguments either emphasize that the meaning of a proposition logically prior to the references of names,or affirm that the references of names logically prior to the meanings of propositions,thus ignoring the fact that the meanings of propositions and the references of names are two interdependent parts.Wittgenstein gives meanings and references respectively to propositions and names,and the meanings of propositions and the references of names can be determined separately by the contextual principle and the principle of compositionality.A meaningful proposition lies in context principle and the principle of compositionality are compatible with one another.In contrast,a proposition is mea-ningless(nonsensical)lies in the contradiction and conflict between the principle of context and the principle of compositionality.