隐秘的共识——清末民初改良派与革命派政党观再探

An Obscure Consensus——An Analysis of the Political Parties of Reformers and Revolutionaries in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

清末,康有为、梁启超等改良派从结群救亡的角度切入,将朋党与政党严格区分开,并极力鼓吹政党的优点和功用。与此同时,孙中山、章太炎等革命派团体自称革命党,积极谋求武力反清。已有研究认为,改良派与革命派在政党观上存有相反主张,改良派鼓吹议会政党,而革命派加以反对,直到民初,革命派才改变态度转而支持议会政党。但实际上,清末改良派与革命派在政党观上存在隐秘的共识,即两派都认同议会政党理念。在清末思想论战中,革命派基于反清和论战的政治需要,隐蔽了其赞同议会政党的主张。

At the end of the Qing Dynasty,reformists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao started from the perspective of saving the nation by building communities,strictly separated factions from political parties,and strongly advocated the advantages and functions of political parties. At the same time,revolutionaries such as Sun Yat-sen and Zhang Taiyan actively sought to fight against the Qing Dynasty by violence. Some literatures have shown that the reformists and revolutionaries had opposite views on political parties. Reformists advocated parliamentary parties,while revolutionaries opposed them. It was not until the early Republic of China that the revolutionists changed their attitude and turned to support parliamentary parties. But in fact,the reformists and the revolutionaries in the late Qing Dynasty had an obscure consensus on the concept of political parties,that is,both factions agreed with the concept of parliamentary political parties. In the ideological debate in the late Qing Dynasty,the revolutionaries concealed their support for the parliamentary party for the political purposes of anti-Qing and contestation.