宋代任官制度中的零考问题

The Issue of Lingkao in the Personnel Administration System of the Song Dynasty

在官、职、差遣分离的宋代任官制度中,差遣是官员实际职务。其年度考核称为“考”,每满若干考后满任,官员获得进入更高资序的年资。宋代铨选机构对官员差遣任期的管理做过多次调整,至北宋元祐五年始有了更加明确的规定,成为两宋铨选中的重要处理方式。如果官员因离职或满任后仍暂时在职,当年无法满一考,则这一部分任职时间称作零考。它是与满任相对的概念。宋代包含零考处理在内的官员任期管理方式,有其制度渊源、运作实态及意义。南宋徐谓礼文书展现了零考问题的诸多制度细节。

In the personnel administration system of the Song dynasty,Guan,Zhi and Chaiqian were separated.Chaiqian were the real jobs of officials,whose annual assessment was called“Kao”.With the expiration of the tenure following several times of Kao,officials would receive the seniority required for a higher rank.In the Song dynasty,the personnel administration institution made several adjustments on its tenure management of officials’Chaiqian.In the fifth year of Yuanyou of Northern Song(1090),the tenure management of Chaiqian was clearly regulated,which became a main way of the personnel administration in the Song dynasty.If an official did not complete the annual assessment due to a midway dismission or continuing in office after expiration,or his time in office not reaching the regulated time in office for the expiration of the tenure,this situation was called Lingkao,an opposite concept of Manren(expiration of the tenure).The ways of officials’tenure management including Lingkao had their origins,operating practice,and significance in the Song dynasty.Xu Weili’s Document written in the Southern Song Dynasty presents many details of the system with regard to the issue of Lingkao.