地权配置与社会流动——以20世纪三四十年代的杭县为例

Land Allocation and Social Mobility:A Case Study of Hang County in the 1930s and 1940s

农村社会阶层的流动与地权转移是同一变化的两个不同侧面,农村社会阶层结构的变化同时也是农村地权转移的过程,由农村社会结构的变化可以透视农村地权转移。通过分析各个阶层户数占总户数的比重、所有土地面积占土地总面积的比重,分析地权配置以及与之密切相关的社会阶层结构,可知20世纪三四十年代杭县农地产权频繁变更,社会阶层发生双向流动,地权配置结构和社会阶层结构大致保持稳定。与学界所论社会阶层结构贫富两极分化和“中农化”的判断不同,杭县代表了近代地权配置与社会流动的“动态稳定”类型。这种双重稳定受到多重因素影响。这一时期,地权变化呈现出“动产化”趋势,以“耕者有其田”为目标的“二五”减租以及不断加重的田赋、苛捐杂税等负担,均对地权配置及阶层结构形成制约。

The mobility of rural social classes and the transfer of land ownership are two different aspects of the same change,and the change of rural social class structure is also the process of the transfer of rural land ownership.Therefore,the transfer of rural land ownership can be examined through observing the change of rural social class structure.By analyzing the proportion of each class’s households in the total households,the proportion of each class’s land areas in the total land area,the allocation of land,and the social class structure closely related to land allocation,we find that the ownership of agricultural land in the Hang county changed frequently in the 1930 s and 1940 s,social classes flowed in both directions,and the land allocation structure and social class structure remained generally stable.Different from the academic arguments that the social class structure was middle-peasantized or polarized between the rich and the poor,the Hang county was representative of the“dynamic stability”type of land allocation and social mobility in modern times.This kind of dual stability was affected by multiple factors.During this period,the changes in land ownership showed a trend of“movable property”.The“25 percent rent reduction”with the goal of“Land for the Tiller”,as well as the increasing burden of land taxes,exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes,all constrained land allocation and social class structure.