语言哲学视域下《庄子》与海德格尔的文学书写

Zhuangzi and Martin Heidegger’s Literary Writing from the Perspective of Philosophy of Language

《在通向语言的途中》一书中,海德格尔建议把德语中的道路“Weg”与道家的“道”相对应。《庄子》中“道”作为形而上的存在,不可言传,不用语言显露自身,与语言疏离。海德格尔所说的“道”,特指文学书写的运思和表述,与语言结缘。《庄子》用于文学书写的卮言以“道”为依托,是对“道”的顺应。海德格尔则认为文学书写的语言是对大道召唤的回应。在“道”与语言关系方面的持论,《庄子》与海德格尔殊途同归。《庄子》的寓言和海德格尔所说的语言的诗意因素,都是象征性的表现方式,具有暗示性。象征义与象征物之间的本质关联,反映出两位哲人对思想表达媒介深层认识的一致性。

In On the Road to Language, Martin Heidegger suggests that the German word for Weg correspond to the Taoist word for Tao. In Zhuangzi, Tao, as a metaphysical being, can not be expressed in words and can not reveal itself in language, thus forming an estranged relationship with language. Martin Heidegger’s Weg, which refers to the thought and expression of literary writing, is bound up with language. The language used in Zhuangzi for literary writing is based on Tao, which is an adaptation to Tao. Martin Heidegger argued that the language of literary writing is a response to the call of the Boulevard. In the relationship between Tao and language, Zhuangzi and Martin Heidegger’s holism is in the same direction. Zhuangzi’s fable and Martin Heidegger’s “poetic element of language” are both symbolic and suggestive ways of expression. The essential relation between symbolic meaning and symbolic object reflects the consistency of the two philosophers’ deep understanding of the medium of thought expression.