唐前期驿丁应役方式的转变——兼论力役征派的色役化

Study on the Transition of the Operation Mode of Yiding and the Specialization of the Corvee Labor System in the Early Tang Dynasty

据《天圣令·厩牧令》唐34条和吐鲁番出土的相关派役文书,可知唐前期驿丁应役方式经历了由正役向色役的转变。唐初驿丁按正役标准征派,服役20天。至开元年间,驿丁成为分四番上下的色役,役期为3个月,可纳资代役,皆折免本身课役。驿丁应役方式的转变,是唐前期力役征派色役化的缩影。这一变化与开元二十四年推行度支长行旨、加强财政集权、实行徭役定额管理有密切关系。官方借此将充色役者的杂徭税负纳入财政核算,缩小了服役群体规模,减少了现役对民众经济生活的干扰。与此同时,衡量役种轻重,结合户内丁中多寡、资产厚俭等情况进行配役,有利于赋役差科的均平。力役征派色役化是“徭役国家”向“赋税国家”过渡的重要环节之一。

According to the Tiansheng Jiumu Statute and relevant documents found in Turfan,there was a transition of the operation mode of Yiding(courier)from“regular corvee(Zhengyi,正役)”to“special corvee(Seyi,色役)”.In the early Tang dynasty,Yiding were recruited based on the standard of regular corvee and served for 20 days.From the period of Kaiyuan,Yiding became Seyi and their service time was extended to three months.They could pay money to be exempted from the corvee.The change of the operation mode of Yiding was the epitome of the specialization of the corvee labor system in the early Tang dynasty.This change was closely related to the permanently applicable directive of Duzhi(度支)implemented in 736 AD,which strengthened financial centralization,and implemented corvee labor quota management.With this,the government reduced the size of the service group and lessened the disturbance of active service to people’s economic life.In addition,the service distribution could be carried out based on the number of people in the households and their assets after the weight of different types of corvee was measured,which was conducive to the equalization of different corvee categories.This change was one of the important links in the transition from“Corvee State”to“Tax State”.