减数分裂重组的分子遗传机制研究进展及在作物育种中的应用

Advances in molecular genetic mechanism of meiotic recombination and applications in crop breeding

减数分裂是真核生物有性生殖产生染色体数目减半的单倍体配子所必需的生命过程。重组是减数分裂的核心事件之一,既增加了同源染色体间遗传信息的交换,又保证了其在减数分裂后期Ⅰ的正确分离。因此,减数分裂重组不仅增加了后代遗传多样性,还是作物遗传育种的基础。通过提高重组频率或改变其分布可以加速农作物育种进程,而降低或抑制重组可以固定杂种优势。近年来对植物减数分裂重组的分子遗传机制的研究取得了很大进展,包括重组的遗传和表观遗传调控机制,重组的遗传操控技术、固定杂交优势和染色体工程等方面。本文针对以上方面进行了全面的总结,这些内容不仅方便了读者对减数分裂重组的理论认知,还拓展了通过调控减数分裂重组操控生物育种的思路。

Meiosis is essential for producing haploid gametes during sexual reproduction in most eukaryotes.Homologous recombination is one of the critical events of meiosis prophase I. It not only leads to the reshuffle of genetic information between homologs, but also ensures their proper segregation at anaphase I. Therefore,meiotic recombination is important to facilitate the genetic diversity and evolution among progeny, and also provides the theoretical basis for crop breeding. As expectedly, increasing the frequency of recombination or changing its distribution can benefit crop breeding, while reducing or inhibiting recombination can sustain heterosis. Over the past decades, numerous achievements have been made in understanding and utilizing meiotic recombination in plants, including mechanisms on genetic and epigenetic regulation of meiotic recombination, manipulation technologies on recombination, fixation of heterosis and chromosome engineering. In this review,we summarize the latest findings and technologies for regulating meiotic recombination, which will enable the readers to have an easy access to understand meiotic recombination, and also expand the idea of manipulating breeding through meiotic recombination.