基于脱贫和环境改善目标的寒旱地区农村庭院生态工程

Courtyard Ecological Engineering for the cold and arid rural areas to alleviate poverty and improve environmental quality

我国寒旱地区具有农牧交错、村落相对分散、农民贫困、地方政府财力不足等特点,农民增收和环境治理压力较大,需要提高厕所、垃圾、污水等设施水平并推进村庄和庭院整治。以典型寒旱地区库伦旗为例,针对当地寒冷、半干旱等气候特点以及目前农村院落的基本要素构成现状,设计并示范应用了基于脱贫和人居环境改善双目标的农村庭院生态工程模式,以“种植-养殖-厕所-清洗-水窖”为主线,包括温室大棚种植及设施中心、改水改厕、庭院有机废弃物微生态循环、微型水处理与循环利用等单元技术,在农村庭院尺度上实现系统整合。结果表明,本生态工程每年可以实现6.6 t的畜禽粪便(含0.14 t氮)、23.4 t中水、38.5 t雨水重新回到大棚种植系统,可突破寒旱地区气温较低、土壤水肥资源缺乏等瓶颈;构建生态环境良好、资源能源集约利用、农民增收的生产生活一体化复合生态庭院。本研究结果可为我国寒旱地区人居环境治理和乡村振兴战略实施提供参考。

The cold and arid rural areas in China are characterized as agro-pastoral ecotone, scattered villages,poverty, and insufficient financial resources. It was challenging to mitigate poverty and promote environmental quality in such rural areas, where the residential infrastructures were insufficient, incl., toilets, and municipal solid waste, livestock manure and sewage treatment facilities. The studied case of this work is Kulun County,Inner Mongolia, China. A rural courtyard ecological engineering model was designed and demonstrated in line with the cold and arid climatic characteristics and the fundamental elements of local courtyard, for achieving the bi-goals of alleviating poverty and improving the residential environmental quality. The key concept of that courtyard ecological engineering was integrating planting, livestock breeding, sanitary toilet, fresh water supply,and water cellar as a whole system, while multiple technologies were applied at rural courtyard scale, such as greenhouse for planting vegetables and placing environmental facilities, improved drinking water supply and lavatories, organic waste treatment and nutrient recycling, decentralized sewage treatment and water recycling,and so forth. Results showed that 6.6 t of livestock manure(0.14 t of nitrogen), 23.4 t of wastewater, and 38.5 t of rain water could be recycled for the greenhouse planting, which could break through the bottlenecks of low temperature and insufficient water and nutrients in the cold and arid areas. It can be applied to build complex ecological courtyards, which are eco-environmental friendly, intensive utilizing of resource and energy, and increasing economic benefits for low-income household. The findings can provide evidences to the practice of residential environmental governance and the rural revitalization strategy in the cold and arid rural areas of China.