清代官印与关防制度疏证

System Research of Yin and Guanfang in Qing Dynasty

明清时期的印信都由礼部下属的铸印局进行制作,其流程已标准化、固定化。清代的官印和关防的特殊之处在于其材质、方寸、鼻钮、台层、厚度、文字等诸方面都有不同规制,唯一能与品阶相合的是文字的篆体。咸丰朝之后,清政府因太平军和其他反清运动而大量丢失印信。在安徽巡抚丢失关防的例子中,我们看到,印信仅是公文体系的一部分,清政府还有其他手段来保障公文的顺利运转。

The official seal in the Ming and Qing were made by the Casting and Printing Bureau under the Ministry of Rites,the process has been standardized and fixed.The particularity of Yin and Guanfang in the Qing Dynasty lies in its different regulations in terms of material,square inch,nasal button,Stage level,thickness,text and so on.The only thing that can match the grade is the seal script of characters.After the Xianfeng Dynasty,the Qing government lost a large number of seals by the attack of the Taiping army.In the example of Anhui governor's loss of Guanfang,we know,that the seals are a part of the official document system,and the Qing government had other ways to ensure the smooth operation of official documents.