“开放型机制”与国家对规范制定的影响力——基于网络安全领域的研究

“Open-Ended Institution”and States’Influence in Norm Making:Analysis Focusing on the Field of Cyber Security

国家通过创立新机制推动规范生成是一个常见的现象,但创立新机制的国家是否总是该机制的最大受益者值得商榷。俄罗斯推动成立的联合国信息安全开放式工作组(OEWG)承担了网络安全国际规范制定的职能。但在运行该机制的过程中,俄罗斯的影响力却不及美国及其盟友。国家在不同条件下利用不限定参与者范围这一“开放型机制”,可获取不同类型的影响力。俄罗斯创立该工作组的主要收益在于获取更多国家对其作为包容开放的规范制定进程“引领者”的认可,从而提升声誉形象。为了保证上述收益,在参与机制的过程中,俄罗斯的首要关注点是如何使该机制按期完成任务,而非使自己对相关规范的主张获得更多国家的支持。美国及其盟友则利用这一机会,积极动员参与该机制的国家和非国家行为体,从而提升了其规范主张在实践中得到的支持。双方因而获得不同类型的收益,但对于国家提升对规范制定进程的影响力具有的价值意义并不相同。研究显示了将创立新机制与动员对规范主张的支持结合起来的难度与重要性。

It can be frequently witnessed that states promote norm emergence through creating a new institution.But whether the founder can always be the main beneficiary of the new institution is questionable.Russia pushed for the creation of United Nations Open-Ended Working Group(OEWG)to undertake the mission of norm-making for cyber security issues.However,the influence that Russia gained during the operation of the institution cannot compete with what the United States and its allies acquired.Through“open-ended institution”that has unlimited quota for participants,states under different conditions can acquire different types of influence.The main benefit for Russia to launch OEWG was being recognized by more states as the“leader”of an inclusive,open norm-making process,which led to the improvement of reputation.In order to maintain this benefit,Russia prioritized the task of making sure that the institution can complete its mission on schedule,rather than striving for more support for its norm proposals.This left the United States and its allies an opportunity to mobilize states and non-state actors to make their norm proposals more supported in practice.The two sides acquired different types of influence,which varied in significance for states to improve influence on norm-making.The research shows that combining the creation of new institution with mobilization of support for norm proposals is difficult but important.