图腾理论视域下我国图腾研究的回顾与思考

Review and Thoughts on Totem in China in the Perspective of theTotem Theory

图腾属于信仰文化,有固定内涵。对我国学界而言,它是外来词汇和学术术语,研究中应该遵循其本义,图腾具有族属性,每一图腾物对应着特定的族群,研究图腾必须采用主位法。图腾理论传入后,对我国学界影响很大,推动了中国学术界发展。根据图腾理论回顾我国图腾研究历史进行评述,20世纪上半叶,我国学界对中国图腾文化进行了充分研究,遵循了图腾理论的基本要义,学风严谨,而在20世纪80年代以后,学术大发展时期却出现了图腾泛化现象,曲解、歪曲图腾概念在考古学、艺术史、造型艺术、民间宗教等研究领域表现最为明显,具体体现是强行贴标签。图腾理论内涵明确,不能泛化和创新,不能凭研究者的主观想象进行臆测。图腾泛化现象应该加以遏制。

Totem,which has a fixed connotation,belongs to belief culture.To domestic academy,it is a loanword as well as an academic term,whose meaning should be followed in research.Totem has the attribute of family,and each of which corresponds to a specific ethnic group.Emic approach should be used in the study of totem.Since the introduction of totem theory into China,it has had a great impact on domestic academy,promoting the development of domestic academe.According to the review of the history of China’s Totem research based on totem theory,the domestic academe has fully studied the Chinese totem culture in the first half of the 20 th century,following the basic essence of totem theory and with rigorous scholarship.However,in the period of great academic development after the 1980 s,the phenomenon of totem generalization appeared.The distortion of totem concepts was the most obvious in the research fields of archaeology,art history,plastic art history,folk religion and other research fields,which was specifically reflected in the forced labeling.Totem theory has a clear connotation,which cannot be generalized,sinicized,innovated,or even be conjectured by researchers’subjective imagination.Totem generalization should be restrained.