先秦哲学的内外之辨——从儒家与庄子的比较看

Distinction Between Inner and Outer In Pre-Qin Philosophy:Studying from Comparing Confucianism with Zhuangzi

先秦哲学普遍地以“内”“外”概念为叙事结构展开其学说。儒家的孔子、子思和孟子均强调内外之别,将德性看作是内在于心性的维度,坚持内在价值高于外在价值,并希望通过道德修养工夫弥合内外,达到化成天下的圣人之境。道家的庄子接受了儒家的内外之分,也重视内在价值,但排斥道德修养,希望借助于气这种媒介,以“心斋”“坐忘”等方式实现内外双谴、一气游化、同于大通的对道的体认。对儒道两家的内外之别加以分析并确定“内”“外”含义,有助于澄清“内圣外王”和“内在超越”这两种观念。

In the philosophy of the pre-Qin dynasty,the various schools generally take the concepts of the inner and the outer as the narrative structure to develop their theories.Confucius,Zi Si and Mencius all emphasize the difference between the inner and the outer.They argue that virtue is the dimension of the inner heart-mind and the nature,and insist that internal value is higher than external value.They hope to be the sages and civilized the world through moral cultivation to gap the inside and the outside.Taoist Zhuangzi accepts the division of internal and external values of Confucianism,and also attaches importance to internal values,but rejects moral cultivation.He hopes to realize the recognition of Tao by means of spiritual meditation and sitting and forgetting through the medium of qi,in order to eliminate the distinction between the inner and the outer,to melt into qi,together with all the others.It is helpful to clarifying the two concepts of inner sageliness and outer kingliness and immanent transcendence to analyze the difference between the inner and the outer in Confucianism and Taoism,to determine the meaning of the inner and the outer.