云南红河哈尼梯田生态系统的资源植物多样性与传统知识

Diversity of Resource Plants and Associated Traditional Knowledge in the Honghe Hani Terraced Ecosystem of Yunnan.

云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统是全球重要的农业文化遗产和世界文化遗产,拥有丰富的生物多样性和重要的生态功能。在由森林、村寨、梯田、水系构成的哈尼梯田生态系统中,植物(特别是资源植物)是该生态系统的重要组成部分,也是维持这个系统稳定性的重要因素。笔者采用植物分类学、植物生态学、民族植物学等方法,以云南省红河州梯田最集中的4个县域哈尼梯田生态系统的重要资源植物为对象,调查了其多样性状况及相关的传统管理与利用知识,探讨了两者在支撑、保护哈尼梯田农业文化遗产系统中的作用。结果表明,哈尼梯田生态系统有151科445属651种资源植物,其中药用植物255种、食用植物226种;当地百姓拥有十分丰富的管理和利用植物多样性的传统知识,包括森林和树木、食用和药用植物、草果和板蓝种植以及薪柴等方面的知识和文化,应用类别涉及日常生产生活和梯田保护等诸多方面;资源的多用途、多功能特点明显,体现了当地深厚的植物利用文化和紧密的人地互动关系。当地丰富的植物多样性构筑了哈尼梯田农业生态系统的基础,居民对资源植物的长期采集、管理和利用承载着独具地方和民族特色的传统知识和文化,支撑着当地居民的生计,在维持整个哈尼梯田农业生态系统稳定、保护农业文化遗产和推动遗产地经济发展方面发挥着非常重要的作用。

As a site of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)and a World Cultural Heritage,there is rich biodiversity in Yunnan′s Honghe Hani terraced paddy rice fields with important ecological,economic and social values.Resource plants refer to the plants that are beneficial and available to human beings,often carrying rich traditional knowledge of collection,utilization and management of plants,and showing the reciprocal relationship between man and plants.The Hani terraced ecosystem is composed of forests,villages,terraced rice paddies and water systems in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Yunnan,Southwest China.Plants,in particular useful plants,as the crucial component of this ecosystem for maintaining its stability,unfortunately,has always been overlooked.Through the methods of plant taxonomy,plant ecology and ethnobotany,the present study revealed the status of major resource plant diversity and associated traditional knowledge of the Hani terraced ecosystem.The sampling areas covered the paddy rice fields together with their surrounding forest lands from four counties with most Hani terraces in Honghe Prefecture.The relationship between the Hani terraced rice ecosystem and plant diversity has been analyzed.The results show that there are 651 species of useful plants in the Hani terraced ecosystem,including 255 medicinal plant species and 226 edible plant species.The local people have rich traditional knowledge in the management and utilization of these plants,such as the scared forests and trees,edible and medicinal plants,cultivation of Amomum tsaoko and Strobilanthes cusia,and firewood collection.The plants can be used for daily production,livelihood and protection of Hani terraced paddy rice fields with obvious characteristics of the resources of multi-purposes and multi-functions,indicating the profound plant utilization culture and the close human-land interaction on which the stability of agricultural heritage will depend.The local rich plant diversity formed the basis of Hani terraced rice field ecosystem.The long-term collection,management and use of plant resources reflected traditional knowledge and culture,and supported local people′s livelihood.The rich plant diversity,combined with its traditional knowledge,plays a very important role in maintaining the entire Hani terraced agroecosystem,conserving agricultural heritage and promoting rural economy.