论商事习惯的法源位阶

On the Hierarchy of Sources of Law of Commercial Customs

《民法典》第10条、第11条究竟确立了怎样的商法渊源体系,是“商法规范-民法规范-商事习惯”抑或“商法规范-商事习惯-民法规范”?两种观点分歧在于商事习惯与民法规范的位阶安排,背后原因是对商法之于民法的实质性独立程度有不同认知。“民法规范先于商事习惯”的位阶安排系片面理解与孤立适用“成文法优于不成文法”规则,不恰当地切割商事领域习惯法与制定法,实质损害了商法的独立性。依我国形式私法一元制、实质私法二元制的私法体系,民商法的内在体系不同,商事习惯相较于民事制定法更能够实现对商事关系的妥当调整,由此而确立的“商事习惯先于民法规范”位阶更能维护商法的实质独立性,避免商事审判的“任意向民法逃逸”,更可规模性地避免“有法误用”现象发生。“商法规范-商事习惯-民法规范”三位阶商法渊源体系之确立,有立法论与解释论两条选择路径。

Articles 10 and 11 of the Civil Code establish a three-level commercial law source system of ‘commercial law norms-civil law norms-commercial customs’ or ‘commercial law norms-commercial customs-civil law norms’. The difference lies in the rank arrangement of commercial customs and civil law norms, and behind it is the different perception of the degree of substantial independence of commercial law from civil law. The hierarchical arrangement of ’Civil Law Rules Prior to Commercial Customs’ is a one-sided understanding and isolated application of the ‘statutory law is better than unstated law’ rule, improperly cutting the customary law and statutory law in the commercial field, and substantially undermining the independence of commercial law. According to our country’s private law system of formal private law unitary system and substantive private law dual system, the internal system of civil and commercial law is different. Compared with civil statutory law, commercial customs can achieve proper adjustment of commercial relations. The rank of ‘commercial customs precedes civil law norms’ can better maintain the substantive independence of commercial law, avoid the phenomenon of ‘arbitrarily applying civil law norms instead of commercial customs’ in commercial trials, and prevent the phenomenon of ‘legal misuse’ on a large scale. The establishment of the three-level commercial law source system of ‘commercial law norms-commercial customs-civil law norms’ has two paths: legislation and interpretation.