杜甫“颇学阴何苦用心”考论

A Textual Research on Du Fu’s Absorption of Elaborate Writing from Yin Keng and He Xun

杜甫创作上善于学习前人,且独具慧眼,梁、陈诗人何逊、阴铿颇受其推重。究其原因,一方面,杜甫与阴、何二人有相似的生活经历,情感上有很多共鸣;另一方面,阴、何诗的律化程度较高,风格清丽自然,多写生活经历与人生体验,内容和形式上亦贴近唐诗审美趣味。杜甫学习阴、何二人是有侧重的,他从何逊诗歌中学习较多的是意象,何逊独创的一些诗歌意象在杜甫手中得以发扬光大。杜诗句法方面虽兼学阴、何,但受阴铿影响更大,特别是其中的倒装句,大多能在阴铿诗中找到原型。杜甫学阴、何,亦在句意镕裁上下功夫,或化繁为简,或化简为繁,或活用句义,或变换形式,皆得其精华,合其神韵。杜甫通过对阴、何诗歌的学习,极大地丰富了自己的创作技巧和表现手法,这是他“转益多师”文学理论的重要实践。

Du Fu had a unique perspective in appreciating writings and learning from the writings of his predecessors. His high regard for He Xun and Yin Keng, two poets from the Liang and Chen dynasties, may illustrate his grounds for literary appreciation. Apparently, similarities of life experiences common to them all had created emotional resonance on the part of Du Fu as Yin and He’s writings reflected their experiences in their poems. But more importantly, Yin and He’s poetry appears more attuned to the Tang aesthetic taste with its more regulated rhyme schemes, and their style can be described as refreshingly natural when writing about their experiences. Du Fu knew what to emphasize in the two’s poems. Du Fu highlighted the use of imagery in He Xun’s poems and promoted it in his own poetry, and while he perceived the special features in both Yin and He’s syntax, Du Fu received more influence from Yin, especially his use of inverted sentence structure. Du Fu learned from Yin and He on how to cast meaning through syntactic configuration such as the use of ellipsis and circumlocution, the semantic variations of words, and the transformations of forms. Du Fu greatly expanded his own techniques and ways of expressions through learning from Yin and He and Du Fu provided a case of significance to illustrate how a great writer can theorize his borrowing from other writers.