语义范畴的寄生表达——以绍兴方言体标记“上”寄生表达反预期语义为例

Parasitic Semantic Categories:A Case Study of the Counter⁃expectation Meaning Parasitized by the Aspect Marker Zɒŋ^(0)(上)in Shaoxing Dialect

基于语言库藏类型学中寄生范畴的思想,本文提出,某个语义或者语用范畴的表达方式可以分两大类:专职手段与寄生策略。对于反预期语义的表达来说,也存在两类:既可以使用专职的语法手段来表达,比如普通话的反预期副词“竟然、居然”;也可以通过寄生手段来实现,比如短时副词“忽然”也寄生了反预期语义。本文主要以绍兴方言的完整体标记“上”为例,讨论语义范畴寄生策略的相关问题。文章首先探讨了认定寄生范畴的操作性程序,指出需要确定存在对立表现以及满足寄生语义的规约化要求。文章也探讨了寄生范畴这种语义语用限制对语法标记句法表现制约所能产生的影响,指出这是寄生策略的句法后果。此外,文章还就寄生范畴相关的演变问题进行了考察,对寄生范畴的来源与去向作了进一步思考。

The parasitic category within the framework of Linguistic Inventory Typology refers to a semantic category which is implied by an expression of some seemingly irrelevant semantic category in a parasitic manner.One illustrative example is the lexical strategy for expressing counter⁃expectation in Mandarin:in addition to using counter⁃expectation markers,such as the adverbs jingran(竟然)and juran(居然)‘unexpectedly',Mandarin can also express counter⁃expectation in an implicit manner via adverbs such as huran(忽然)‘in a short while',which does not encode such meaning per se.In this sense,we say that the meaning of counter⁃expectation is a parasitic category that has been‘parasitized'by its host huran.Based on this concept,this paper focuses on the perfective aspect marker Zɒŋ^(0)(上)in Shaoxing Wu dialect and argues that it has taken on the counter⁃expectation meaning,and can be regarded as a host for this parasitic category.Taking this aspect marker as a case study,the paper first discusses the diagnostics for identifying parasitic categories,namely,i)it must be contrastive in the relevant system,and ii)it must be conventionalized for expressing the parasitized meaning.There are two perfective aspect markers in Shaoxing Wu,as shown in(1-2).Compared with Zɒŋ^(0)(上),te■(嘚)takes the neutral one.■The paper also examines how the semantic and pragmatic constraints on parasitic categories are reflected on their syntactic distributions.Last,it investigates the evolution of the parasitizing host Zɒŋ^(0)(上),with special reference to its origin and its path of change.