唯物史观与近代日本乡村史研究演变

Historical Materialism and the Transformation of Modern Japanese Rural Historiography

近代日本乡村史研究肇始于对幕末明治以来日本发展道路的现实反思,是20世纪日本历史学的重要组成部分。这一领域的发展壮大奠基于马克思主义唯物史观。第二次世界大战前,日本资本主义论争中的讲座派与劳农派,运用唯物史观分析近代日本乡村社会性质及其矛盾。二战后,日本马克思主义史学蔚然壮大,以地主制研究为代表的乡村史研究成为当时日本史学界的显学,日本史学界的阶级史观成形。20世纪60年代后,伴随经济发展与社会变迁,乡村史学者在既有领域深入的同时开拓出农民运动史、自治村落论等多元路径,研究范式受到修正。20世纪末,乡村史研究盛极而衰,渐趋碎片化,退为隐学,但呈现注重市场因素等新趋向。乡村既是日本近代史研究不可回避的重要对象,也是马克思主义剖析日本型资本主义社会的关键切入点。

Modern Japanese rural history took its roots in the rethinking of modern Japan and was a significant component of twentieth-century Japanese historiography. Marxist historical materialism played an instrumental role in the rise of the field. Before World War II,the Kouza-school and the Rono-school applied historical materialism to analyzing the nature and contradictions of modern Japanese rural society in the Debate on Japanese Capitalism. After the 1960s,with the economic development and social changes in Japan,rural history researchers not only continued to further investigate the existing fields but also explored various new themes such as peasant movements and autonomous village communities. The research paradigms were subsequently revised. At the end of the twentieth century,research on rural history declined right after its flourishing,gradually fell into a state of fragmentation,and became marginalized. At the same time,several new trends started unfolding,such as an emphasis of market factors. Rural society is not only an unavoidable and important subject in Japan ’s modern historiography,but also a key entry point of Marxist studies of Japanese-style capitalist society.