论代物清偿诺成性质的正当性——以买卖型担保合同为切入点

Research on the Legitimacy of the Promise Nature of Datio in Solutum——Taking the Sales Guarantee Contract as the Starting Point

我国实践中出现了“以房抵债”协议这类新型合同。“以房抵债”协议以买卖型担保合同为典型,由于该类合同以他种给付代替原种给付的外观与传统民法理论中“代物清偿”概念类似,通过“代物清偿”的法律构造来解释买卖型担保的效力是学界的通常做法。从解释论来说,“代物清偿”的要物性质无法解决买卖型担保中当事人的真实目的和欲达到的法律效果。要物性质不仅会为交易的达成设置障碍,无法正确表达代物清偿的担保性质,同时还有可能会导致债权人的权益落空,也不利于保护债务人的履行利益。因此,应当重新改造代物清偿合同为诺成合同,使其满足现阶段市场对于代物清偿这一制度的需求。

A new type of contract such as“sale guarantee agreement”agreement has emerged in China’s practice.Because the appearance of this kind of contract replacing the original payment with other payment is similar to the concept of datio in solutum in traditional civil law theory,it is a common practice in academic circles to explain the effectiveness of the agreement of“sale guarantee agreement”through the legal structure of“paying off debts in lieu of things”.From the perspective of interpretative theory,the practical nature of datio in solutum can not solve the real purpose and legal effect of the parties in the sale guarantee agreement.The nature of practice will not only set up obstacles for the conclusion of the transaction and fail to correctly express the guarantee nature of payment in rem,but also may lead to the failure of the rights and interests of creditors and is not conducive to the protection of the performance interests of debtors.Therefore,datio in solutum should be transformed into a promissory contract to meet the market demand for datio in solutum at this stage.