社区治理的制度背景和生长逻辑探析

The System Background and Growth Logic of Community Governance

19世纪末,滕尼斯最早用社区这一有机的生活构造和组织形式来消减由长期自由资本主义影响而产生个人主义迷茫,解构垄断资本主义发展初期国家集权主义的狂妄。随着国家垄断资本主义、第三次技术革命以及全球化的发展,为应对政府在国内国际事务处理中的“集体行动困境”和多元化趋势,治理概念以及社区这一治理单元也为人们所关注。我国社区建设的探索起步于20世纪30年代,经历了1949年以来的以单位制为主的社区建设时期,改革开放以来,社区建设从公共政策视角进入自觉的制度实践时期,并逐步与信息化社会及全球化进程相适应。在政府由统治、管理到治理的转型过程中,社区治理作为治理主体的扩充以及治理方式转变的重要载体和单元,确立了政府治理、社会调节和居民自治良性互动的发展格局与目标。

At the end of the 19th century,Ferdinand Tnnies was the earliest to use community,as an organic life structure and organizational form,to reduce the individualistic perplexity resulted by long term capitalist influence,and to deconstruct the unscrupulousness of centralization of state power in the early development period of monopoly capitalism.With the development of state monopoly capitalism,the third technological revolution,and globalization,the concept of governance and the governance unit of community have gained public attention,in response to the“collective action dilemma”and diversification tendency of the government in coping with domestic and international affairs.Explorations of community construction in China started in the 1930s;after 1949,community construction was mostly based on the system of units;since the reform and opening up,community construction,from a public policy perspective,has entered into a period of self-conscious system practice;it is gradually fitting into the information-based society and the process of globalization.While the government is transforming from rule to administration and governance,community governance acts as an important carrier and unit of the expansion of governance subject and the transformation of governance pattern;it has established a benign interactive development pattern and target for governmental governance,social adjustment,and residents’self-governance.