麦玉轮作模式下有机(沼液)替代与减量施肥对作物产量及肥料利用的影响

Effects of Organic(Biogas Slurry) Substitution and Reduced Fertilization on Crop Yield and Fertilizer Utilization under Wheat Jade Rotation Mode

【目的】针对皖北地区化肥过量施用和沼液资源利用率低的现状,探究沼液部分替代及优化施肥对冬小麦-夏玉米产量和肥料利用率的影响。【方法】于2020年6月—2021年6月,在宿州市埇桥区安徽农业大学皖北综合试验站设置不施肥、常规施肥、沼液部分替代以及控失施肥4种不同施肥处理开展田间试验,研究不同施肥处理对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植体系氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用及产量的影响。【结果】沼液部分替代、控失施肥的情况下能促进两季作物产量三要素的协调发展,显著提高冬小麦的单株成穗数和夏玉米的百粒重与行粒数,单年麦玉两季作物周年产量以控失施肥最高为17 007.33 kg/hm^(2),沼液部分替代次之为16 922.90 kg/hm^(2)。皖北地区冬小麦和夏玉米地上部养分含量大小均表现为氮>钾>磷。与常规相比,沼液部分替代、控失施肥有利于提高植株地上部总氮、磷、钾的含量。由于沼液中氮、钾含量较高且多次施用,夏玉米沼液部分替代整体氮、钾利用率较常规施肥低,但仍有不错表现。单年及单季小麦氮、磷和钾利用率均高于常规处理。【结论】综合考虑养分吸收利用和籽粒产量,在本试验条件下,单年沼液部分替代化学肥料减量40%和控失施肥减量20%有利于养分吸收和产量的同步提高,可作为皖北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植的优选模式。

[Objective] In view of the current situation of excessive application of chemical fertilizer and low utilization rate of biogas slurry resources in Northern Anhui, the effects of partial substitution of biogas slurry and optimized fertilization on the yield and fertilizer utilization rate of winter wheat summer maize were studied.[Method] From June 2020 to June 2021,four different fertilization treatments were set up in the North Anhui comprehensive experimental station of Anhui Agricultural University,Yongqiao District,Suzhou City, including no fertilization,conventional fertilization, partial biogas slurry substitution and loss control fertilization.Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different fertilization treatments on the absorption, utilization and yield of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in the winter wheat summer maize rotation planting system.[Result] Under the condition of partial substitution of biogas slurry and controlled loss fertilization,it can promote the coordinated development of the three elements of crop yield in the two seasons, and significantly improve the number of ears per plant of winter wheat and the 100 grain weight and row grain number of summer maize.The annual yield of wheat and jade crops in the two seasons in a single year is 17 007.33 kg/hm^(2),followed by partial substitution of biogas slurry and 16 922.9 kg/hm^(2).The aboveground nutrient contents of winter wheat and summer maize in Northern Anhui were nitrogen> potassium> phosphorus.Compared with conventional, partial replacement of biogas slurry and loss control fertilization were beneficial to improve the contents of total nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in the aboveground part of the plant.Due to the high content of nitrogen and potassium in biogas slurry and repeated application,the utilization rate of partial replacement of overall nitrogen and potassium by biogas slurry of summer maize is lower than that of conventional fertilization,but it still has a good performance.The utilization rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in single year and single season wheat were higher than those in conventional treatment.[Conclusion] Considering nutrient absorption and utilization and grain yield, under the experimental conditions, 40% reduction of biogas slurry instead of chemical fertilizer and 20% reduction of loss control fertilization in a single year are conducive to the simultaneous improvement of nutrient absorption and yield,which can be used as the optimal model of winter wheat summer maize rotation in Northern Anhui.