弗里德里希·李斯特学说的重商主义渊源

The Mercantilist Sources of Friedrich List’s Theory

弗里德里希·李斯特的赶超发展学说继承了重商主义的思想成果,包括意大利的“国家经济学派”、西班牙的“欠发达经济学”、英国的保护主义“贸易学”。意大利的早期经济学强调国家统一、政策主导、贸易干预、工业激发、产业协调等现代富强之策,得到了李斯特的认同和吸纳。西班牙的重商主义者剖析了本国经济社会衰败的原因,倡导通过振兴实业摆脱困局,这一负面案例研究对李斯特多有启迪。英国在后来居上的发展进程中,形成了诸多保护主义理论与实践,那些行之有效的赶超策略也塑造了李斯特学说。重商主义以工业化为焦点的民族主义目标和手段对李斯特影响至深,但基于“追赶”阶段与“超越”阶段的不同政策需求,李斯特在自己学说中也为自由主义和世界主义留下了一席之地。

Friedrich List conceived his theory of catch-up development by drawing extensively upon the“state economics”of Italy,the“underdevelopment economics”of Spain,and the protectionist“trade studies”of Britain.The Italian state economics laid emphasis on national unity,policy activism,trade protection,manufacturing encouragement and industrial coordination,all of which were appreciatively adopted by List.The Spanish mercantilists influenced List with their comprehensive analysis of the chronic underdevelopment of their country,including their policy recommendations for industrial revitalization.The British protectionist theories and practices,as recipes for Britain’s successful catching-up,found their way into List’s theory as well.While inheriting the nationalist legacy and industrialization orientation from mercantilism,List also reserved in his theory a special place for liberalism and cosmopolitanism,a point not to be missed based on different policy demands in“catching-up”and“surpassing”stages.