明代前中期文官考满制的发展与完善

The Development and Perfection of the Official Full-Term Examination(Kaoman)in the Early and Mid-Ming Dynasty

明初初步建立文官考满制,但远未臻至完备程度,永乐以来不断加以补充与调整。永乐时期是明代考满制发展的重要时期,在繁简则例、考满职官范围、给由规定、考期和考核方式等方面进行了重要补充。仁宣以降,一方面继续考满制本身的制度建设,尤其是完善考满给由制,使之周瞻细致化;另一方面,完善考满与诰敕、荫叙等制度与制度之间的建设。通过长期的补充、调整与完善,至万历初文官考满制度最终得以完备。

The official full-term examination(kaoman)was initially established in the early Ming Dynasty,but was far from perfect.During the Jianwen reign,the examination became more maneuverable and reasonable.After Emperor Yongle ascended the throne,the old system of Hongwu was restored.At the same time,the government adjusted its rules,the range of supposed examinees,and the frequency and methods of the examinations.After the Renxuan period,the examination underwent continuous revisions and improvements,especially in terms of the credential regulations.Moreover,the government improved the coherence between the official full-term examination and other official awarding institutions.Through the long-term reform,the official full-term examination was eventually perfected in the early Wanli reign.