钱江源国家公园白颈长尾雉生境适宜性评价研究

Habitat Suitability Assessment of Syrmaticus ellioti in the Qiangjiangyuan National Park

钱江源国家公园是中国首批国家公园体制试点区之一,是白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)的主要栖息地。从国家公园尺度掌握白颈长尾雉的分布格局及栖息地状况,对于科学制定白颈长尾雉的保护策略具有重要意义。结合钱江源国家公园2018—2019年的红外相机监测数据和主要环境变量数据,应用MaxEnt模型对国家公园内白颈长尾雉生境适宜性的季节变化特征及影响因素进行评价与分析。冬春季和夏秋季模型的预测结果达优秀水平。距农田距离和距群落结构较完整针叶林距离是影响白颈长尾雉冬春季生境选择的主导环境因子,白颈长尾雉倾向于近农田分布,而远离针阔混交林和针叶林等森林区域;距水源距离、距群落结构完整阔叶林距离、距居民点距离、距群落结构较完整针阔混交林距离是影响白颈长尾雉夏秋季分布的主要环境因子,白颈长尾雉倾向于近水源和森林区域,并远离居民点分布。钱江源国家公园冬春季白颈长尾雉的适宜和较适宜生境面积为135.62 km^(2),夏秋季为134.14 km^(2),分别占钱江源国家公园总面积的53.82%和53.23%。从不同功能分区看,冬春季白颈长尾雉的适宜和较适宜生境面积为生态保育区>传统利用区>核心保护区>游憩展示区;夏秋季为生态保育区>核心保护区>传统利用区>游憩展示区。该研究证实了水源、食物和隐蔽条件是影响白颈长尾雉生境选择的三大要素。建议针对关键生境因子进行分区管理:(1)加强对生态保育区中次生林的保护修复;(2)加强对传统利用区农业开发活动的管控;(3)加强中低海拔阔叶林和针阔混交林周边水源的管理;(4)建立白颈长尾雉种群生态廊道;(5)开展白颈长尾雉生境选择长期研究。

Qianjiangyuan National Park was one of the first national park system pilot areas in China.Also,it was the main habitat of Syrmaticus ellioti.It was of great significance to know the distribution pattern and habitat condition of Syrmaticus ellioti from a National Park scale for making scientific conservation strategies.In this study,we took Qianjiangyuan National Park as the research area and Syrmaticus ellioti as the research object.We used the monitoring data from infrared cameras and the data of main environmental variables from 2018 to 2019.MaxEnt model was used to evaluate and analyze the seasonal change characteristics and influencing factors of habitat suitability.The prediction results of winter-spring and summer-autumn models were excellent.The distance to farmland and coniferous forest with medium structure were the dominant environmental factors affecting the habitat selection of Syrmaticus ellioti in winter and spring.Syrmaticus ellioti tended to be close to farmland and away from forest areas such as mixed broadleaf-conifer forest as well as coniferous forest in this season.Meanwhile,the distance to water sources,broad-leaved forest with complete structure,residential area,mixed broadleaf-conifer forest with medium structure and coniferous forest with complete structure were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of Syrmaticus ellioti in summer and autumn.Syrmaticus ellioti tended to be close to water sources and forest area and away from residential areas in this season.The moderately suitable and suitable habitat areas of Syrmaticus ellioti were 135.62 km^(2) in winter and spring,and 134.14 km^(2) in summer and autumn,respectively,accounting for 53.82%and 53.23%of the total area of Qianjiangyuan National Park.In winter and spring,the moderately suitable and suitable habitat areas for Syrmaticus ellioti showed the following pattern:ecological conservation area>traditional utilization area>core conservation area>recreation exhibition area.In summer and autumn,the moderately suitable and suitable habitat areas for Syrmaticus ellioti showed that ecological conservation area>core conservation area>traditional utilization area>recreation exhibition area.This study confirmed that water source,food and hidden conditions are the three main factors for habitat selection of Syrmaticus ellioti.In order to maintain the long-term stability and development of Syrmaticus ellioti population,the zoning management measures for key habitat factors should be carried out:(1)strengthen the protection and restoration of secondary forests in ecological conservation areas;(2)strengthen the management and control of agricultural development activities in traditional utilization areas;(3)strengthen the management of water sources around broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at medium-low altitude;(4)establish ecological corridors of Syrmaticus ellioti population;(5)carry out long-term research on the habitat selection of Syrmaticus ellioti.