论道义情态的言语行为分类

Discussing about the Classification of Deontic Modality Based on Speech Acts

Palmer从言语行为探讨道义情态,一方面摆脱了传统模态逻辑的束缚,从语言学视角发展了对情态新的认识,另一方面将情态引入语用领域,拓宽了研究格局与视野。不过也有问题须引起注意。首先,虽然道义情态被分为“指令类”与“承诺类”两种类型,但“指令”与“承诺”两类言语行为只是道义情态在语用层面发挥的语用功能,二者本身不是情态;其次,除了包含“指令类”与“承诺类”之外,道义情态还存在“表述类”,此为类型遗漏。实际上,由于情态与言语行为各自所关涉的世界层面不同,在分类过程中不仅要看表面呈现的语用现象,话语中所涉事件的展开时间与发话时间的先后关系,以及事件执行者与语境角色的对应关系等诸多支持条件也需要进行讨论。

Palmer discusses deontic modality from speech acts.On the one hand,he gets rid of the constraints of traditional modal logic and develops a new understanding of modality from the perspective of linguistics.On the other hand,he introduces modality into the field of pragmatics,and broadens the research framework and vision.But there are some problems that call for attention.Firstly,although deontic modality can be divided into"Directives"and"Commissives"types,"Directives"and"Commissives"speech acts are the pragmatic functions of deontic modality expression,they are not modality themselves.Secondly,deontic modality contains not only"Directives"and"Commissives",but also"Representatives",which is type omission.In fact,since modality and speech acts are in the different worlds,in the process of classification,excepting the pragmatic phenomena presented on the surface,some supporting conditions,such as the sequential relationship between the"point of event"and the'point of speech"involved in the discourse,as well as the corresponding relationship between the event performer and the contextual roles,also need to be discussed.