孤独症谱系障碍幼儿与发育迟缓及正常幼儿气质特征差异分析

Analysis of the differences in temperament characteristics between toddlers with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays and neuro-typical children

目的 对16~30月龄孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders, ASD)幼儿与发育迟缓(developmental delay, DD)及正常(neuro-typical, NT)幼儿的气质特征进行比较,为发育障碍儿童早期个性化干预提供理论基础。方法 选取2017年4月—2018年4月于中山大学附属第三医院儿童发育行为中心及儿童保健门诊就诊的幼儿为研究对象。入选ASD组幼儿60例,DD组幼儿31例,并根据年龄与性别匹配正常组幼儿40例。采用《中国1~3岁幼儿气质量表》与中国儿童气质问题测查系统(CCTPSs 5.1)比较3组幼儿气质类型及各维度特征。结果 3组幼儿仅在平易型气质方面差异存在统计学意义,ASD组平易型比例(25.0%)低于DD(41.9%)及NT组(52.5%),而DD与NT组比较平易型比例差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ASD组在节律性、心境及持久性维度得分方面较NT组高,而注意分散维度得分较低;与DD组相比,ASD组注意分散维度分值偏低(P<0.05),而节律性、心境及持久性维度分值差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。DD与NT组相比,各维度分值差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论 ASD幼儿较正常幼儿、DD幼儿表现出不同的气质特征,应抓住其特点,尤其是其注意分散的特征,制定科学的个体化干预或个性化教育方案。

Objective To compare the temperament characteristics between 16-30 months toddlers with autism spectrum disorders(ASD), developmental delay(DD) and neuro-typical(NT) children, so as to provide a theoretical basis for early personalized intervention for children with developmental disorders. Methods Toddlers who visited the Child Developmental and Behavioral Center and the Child Health Care Clinic of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were recruited as the research subjects from April 2017 to April 2018. A total of 60 toddlers in the ASD group and 31 toddlers in the DD group were enrolled, and 40 toddlers in the NT group were matched according to age and gender. The “China Toddler Temperament Scale(CTTS)” and the “China Children’s Temperament Questions Test System(CCTPSs 5.1)” were used to compare temperament types and the characteristics of each dimension between 3 groups. Results The three groups of toddlers differed significantly only in the respect of “easy” type temperament. The ASD group(25.0%) had a lower proportion of “easy” types than the DD(41.9%) and NT(52.5%) groups did, while the difference between the DD and NT group were not statistically significant(P>0.05). Toddlers in the ASD group had higher score in dimensions of rhythmicity, mindfulness, and persistence than that of children in the NT group, while they had lower score in attentional distraction. Compared with the DD group, the ASD group had a lower attentional distraction score(P<0.05), while the differences in rhythmicity, mindfulness, and persistence were not statistically significant(all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in scores of all temperament dimensions between DD and NT group( all P>0.05). ConclusionToddlers with ASD present different temperament characteristics compared with NT and DD toddlers. Scientific individualized intervention or education program should be developed for them to focus on their characteristics, especially low attentional distraction.