清代中国的出入境证件考述--顺议“护照”一词的出现及护照用途

A Research on China′s Exit and Entry Documents in the Qing Dynasty:On the Appearance of the Word“Passport”and Its Use

清朝给出入境人员签发名目繁多、无固定格式的出入境证件,出入边境时由官方查验。护照是当今世界各国通用的一种出入境证件,中国“护照”是在近代西方列强侵略中国的背景下出现的,最初由清朝政府签发给外国人员在国内通行;后来护照又成为国内各级官吏办理公务、大型商贩在国内运送货物的通行证明,甚至作为起事人员的免死返乡证明等。护照出现后,与其他出入境证件并行使用。清末随着中西官方和民间交往的密切,护照逐渐普及。

The Qing Dynasty issued a wide range of entry-exit certificates without a fixed format to entry-exit personnel,who were examined by the official when entering and leaving the border.Passport is a kind of entry-exit document commonly used by all countries in the world today.China′s“passport”appeared in the context of the invasion of China by western powers in late Qing Dynasty.It was originally issued by the Qing government to foreign personnel for domestic passage.Later,it became the pass certificate for domestic officials at all levels to handle official business,for large traders to transport goods in China,and even for those involved in the uprisings as their proof of escaping from death for.When the passport appeared,it was used parallelly with other exit and entry documents.At the end of the Qing Dynasty,with the close official and non-governmental exchanges between China and the West,passports gradually became popular.