王国维《人间词话》与康德哲学

Wang Guowei’s Renjian Cihua and Kant’s Philosophy

为什么《人间词话》经久不衰?其“现代性”动力是什么?长期以来学界认为它主要是受了叔本华的影响,而作为书中核心的三个“境界”之论以“大事业者、大学问家”和“大词人”为对象,这与叔本华的悲观厌世的哲学格格不入。王国维自言在《红楼梦评论》中对叔本华的伦理学提出质疑,嗣后他深究康德,那么《人间词话》与康德哲学有何关系?本文在对王国维的有关康德论述的考辨基础上指出《人间词话》融汇了康德的三大批判,引进了一种以科学实证为基础的“自然”观。他主张情景之间的直观表现,贯穿于“境界说”之中,包括“隔”与“不隔”、“有我之境”和“无我之境”的观点。《人间词话》含有以康德为代表的启蒙哲学,引进了一种新的二元世界观及认知主体,具有突破传统思想模式的意义;而“境界说”的镜子“再现”论对二十世纪中国的文艺领域中写实主义产生深刻的影响。

The everlasting charm of Renjian cihua raises a question that why it stays so popular? Is there a momentum of modernity in it? Scholars generally hold that the philosophical influence it received is mainly from Schopenhauer. However, the three famous phases of jingjie appealing to “great entrepreneurs, ” “great scholars, ” and “great poets” imply an active attitude toward the world, to which Schopenhauer’s philosophy can hardly fit. According to Wang’s own words, he questioned Schopenhauer’s ethics in “Critique of Honglou Meng” and afterwards deeply explored Kant’s philosophy. So what’s the relationship between Renjian cihua and Kant? Based on evidential examination of Wang Guowei’s discourses on Kant, this article points out that this work embodies Kant’s three philosophical critiques and the author applied Kantian conception of Nature throughout his criticism of all poetic works. Wang introduced Kantian dualism to China as a new worldview, indicating to depart from traditional thinking mode. And the theory of “representation” implied in jingjie enormously influences the formation of realism in the fields of literature and art in twentieth-century China.