英美日国际教育援助实践模式的比较研究

A Comparative Study on the Practical Patterns of International Education Assistance in the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan

国际教育援助在近百年的实践中不断发展其基本内涵,与此同时,不同援助主体也逐渐形成了各自独特的实践模式。作为国际教育援助事业的重要主体,英国、美国和日本三国在援助理念、援助目的、政策工具和援助方式四个方面表现各不相同,形成了强调经验传输的日本模式,强调战略工具价值的美国模式,以及强调领导协作的英国模式。通过对英、美、日三国国际教育援助实践模式的比较分析,可以发现:援助国的援助理念是受国家利益与文化传统的共同作用而确立的;三国的援助目标在教育领域内各有侧重,但在援助地域上重叠程度较高;不同援助国的政策工具因受到政治体制影响而表现出不同的稳定性,但援助的责任与效率的提升是三国共同的追求;国际教育援助方式较为集中,但具体表现各有不同。

During nearly a hundred years of practical history, international education aid constantly developed its fundamental connotation.Meanwhile, various aid donors gradually formed their unique practical pattern of international education aid. As the important donors in the field of international education aid, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom have different practices in the four main dimensions: the philosophy of aid, the aim of aid, the political tool of aid, and the method of aid, and form up three practical models. The Japanese model emphasizes hands-on technical transfer, the U.S. model highlights the importance of the instrumental value of strategy, and the U.K. model shows collaborative leadership. Through the comparative analysis of the practical models of international education aid in these three countries, this paper concludes with the following findings. Firstly, the concepts of educational aid in these countries are jointly influenced by national interests and cultural traditions. Secondly, though with different educational focuses, the three countries overlap in geographical regions in offering educational aid. Thirdly, though the policy instruments show different stability due to the influence of the political system in these countries, they all purse the improvement of responsibility and efficiency in offering educational aid. Finally, though the forms of aid are relatively concentrated, the implementation varies in different countries.