汉藏佛教融合背景下西夏佛经的藏式特征

The Tibetan Features of Xi Xia Kingdom's Buddhist Scriptures with the Background of the Buddhism Fusion Between Han and Tibetan

藏文和西夏文文献均显示,12世纪中晚期,藏传佛教曾经盛行于西夏,很多来自西藏本土的上师被西夏聘为帝师。受藏传佛教影响,西夏不仅译出大量藏传佛教文献,而且在西夏仁宗时期(1139-1193年在位)开展的大规模的校经和译经活动中也有藏地僧人参与校勘的痕迹。本文在梳理西夏文佛经文献基础上,从文本体例、佛教术语、陀罗尼用字、语法规则等几个方面考察佛经中的藏式翻译原则。这些特征与中原的翻译原则不同,在藏传佛教影响下的敦煌文献以及元明清时期编译的佛经中也能见到。这些藏式翻译特征在鉴别和研究藏传佛教影响下的佛经翻译文本方面具有普遍意义。

Documents both in Tibetan and Xi Xia characters show that Tibetan Buddhism once prevailed in Xi Xia Kingdom and many Buddhism masters from Tibet were employed as imperial masters during the late period of the 12^(th) century.Influenced by Tibetan Buddhism,a great number of Tibetan Buddhism documents were translated in Xi Xia Kingdom.A large scale of activities of correcting and translating Buddhism scriptures were promoted during the reign of King Ren Zong(1139-1193A.D.),many Tibetan Buddhism monks also participated in collation work and there were signs left in the documents.This paper is based on summarizing the documents of Xi Xia Kingdom's Buddhism scriptures,the writer surveys the Tibetan translating principles from the documental stylistic rules,Buddhism terms,Dharani words and grammatical rules.All of these show that the features are different from the translating principles in Central Plain.With the impact of Tibetan Buddhism,the Tibetan features are also obvious in Dun Huang manuscripts and the Buddhism scriptures translated and edited during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties.Such features are universal significant in identifying and studying on the Buddhism translated texts influenced by Tibetan Buddhism.