大数据时代个人信息无形损害的正当性基础与认定规则

Legitimacy Basis and Recognition Rules for Intangible Damages to Personal Information in the Era of Big Data

自人类步入大数据时代后,个人信息侵权领域出现了一种区别于传统损害类型的新型损害——个人信息无形损害。此种损害类型通常无法满足传统侵权法中损害认定的确定性与有形性要求,面临着难以显形、难以被预测、难以被计量的认定困境,在司法实践中通常无法获得救济。风险社会的风险分配原则、损害概念变迁的客观规律以及立法预防和震慑功能的有效发挥为救济个人信息无形损害提供了正当性基础。“类型认定+程度认定+数额认定”三层嵌套的认定规则体系能够破除个人信息无形损害的认定困境,在类型认定上完成个人信息无形损害的显形化,在程度认定上通过实质性损害风险来预测未来损害发生的可能性,在数额认定上采用法院酌定赔偿方式,并通过引入法定限额确立个人信息无形损害赔偿的最低标准,达到全面保护个人信息权益的效果。

Since mankind entered the era of big data, there has been a new type of damage in the field of personal information infringement, which is different from the traditional types of damage: intangible damage to personal information. This type of damage normally cannot meet the criteria of certainty and tangibility as required by traditional tort law. It is faced with the recognition dilemma with difficulties to represent, predict and measure, and it is usually difficult to obtain relief in judicial practice. The principle of risk distribution, the changing of the objective law of the concept of damage and the effective exertion of the function of legislative prevention and deterrence provide a legitimate basis for relieving intangible damages to personal information. The triple-tier nested recognition rules of “type recognition + degree recognition + amount recognition” can break the dilemma of intangible damages to personal information, complete the manifestation of intangible damages of personal information in type recognition, predict the possibility of future damage through substantive damage risk in degree recognition, and establish the court discretion for intangible damages of personal information in amount recognition to set up the minimum standard for compensation by introducing legal limits, so as to achieve the effect of comprehensive protection of personal information rights and interests.