身体、死亡与利他主义:从中国传统生命伦理观看器官捐献之困

Body,Death and Altruism:Reviewing the Dilemma of Organ Donation from Traditional Chinese Bioethical Views

沿着比较的研究路径,分析器官捐献所代表的身体、死亡和利他主义观念与中国传统生命伦理观之间的差异,进而从观念层面阐释中国器官短缺问题的历史文化原因,以期为后续研究提供有益的思考。研究认为,中国传统生命伦理观在身体层面秉持一元论和整体主义立场,拒斥了身体的可分性与独立性;在死亡层面基于“阴阳”理论和“慎终”思想理解死亡,拒绝了脑死亡等于死亡的论断;在利他主义层面以孝定义身体道德实践的空间,否认了将身体部分作为礼物赠予他人的价值合理性。这些观念的综合造成了中国器官捐献本土化的根源性冲突。

Following a comparative path,this paper explores the differences between the views of body,death and altruism from organ donation and the traditional Chinese bioethics,so as to illustrate the historical and cultural reasons for organ shortage in China and contribute to follow-up research.The study argues that traditional Chinese bioethics adheres to the monism and holism on the physical level,rejecting the separability and independence of the body.It understands death based on the Yin and Yang theory and the thought of"cautious in death",declining to admit brain death equals death.In terms of altruism,it defines the space for the moral practice of body with filial piety,denying the ethical acceptibility of transferring parts of the body as gifts.The synthesis of these views thus results in a fundamental conflict during the localization of organ donation in China.