双碳战略背景下主要发达经济体低碳农业行动分析

Analysis of Low-carbon Agriculture Action in Major Developed Economies under the Background of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Strategies

农业是国民经济的重要组成部门,同时也是重要的碳源和碳汇部门。作为碳汇部门,农业有能力补偿自身和其他部门不可避免的碳排放。低碳农业的核心是推动农业发展方式全面绿色转型,促进和扩大低碳农业相关实践是实现碳减排目标、应对气候危机的最佳途径。本文从行动背景、发展目标与技术路径,以及相关的支撑体系和预期效果等维度对比分析了欧盟、美国和日本三个发达经济体的低碳农业相关行动。分析发现,欧盟、美国和日本的低碳农业相关行动具有较强的继承性:1)欧盟主要倡导基于自然的解决方案,以实现经济增长与资源消耗脱钩的方式推动欧洲各项绿色目标的实现;2)美国重在打造气候智能型农林业,通过增强农林业应对气候变化的能力,提升农林业生产力并降低其环境负荷;3)日本则强调通过数字、智能、生物等技术创新实现农业脱碳,同时能提升和保障日本的粮食自给率和国产率。其中,欧盟主要通过限制某些农业投入品的使用、扩大有机耕作面积等措施来实现发展目标,美国主要通过技术创新等措施实现发展目标,日本则是结合欧盟和美国技术特色。上述三个经济体发展低碳农业的核心是通过完善的政策支撑体系、合适的经营管理模式和先进的减排固碳技术等策略,加强农业温室气体的排放和封存管理。中国低碳农业与国际上低碳农业水平较高的经济体尚有较大差距,包括适应与缓解气候变化的动植物新品种研发进程较慢、农业生产用清洁能源替代不足、粮食损失与浪费导致的温室气体排放依然严重。中国应依据自身特色,在政策规划、科技支撑和国际合作等方面加强布局,尽早打造中国绿色低碳农业产业链,助力中国碳达峰、碳中和目标的实现。

Agriculture is not only an important sector of the national economy,but also an important carbon-source and carbon-sink.As a carbon-sink,agriculture has the ability to compensate for the inevitable carbon emissions of itself and other sectors.The core of low-carbon agriculture is to promote the overall green transformation of agricultural development.Promoting and expanding the practices of low-carbon agriculture is the best ways to achieve the reduction goal of carbon emission,and deal with the climate crisis.This paper focuses on the analysis of low-carbon agriculture related actions of the EU,the United States and Japan from the dimensions of action background,development objectives and technology paths,as well as relevant support systems and expected effects.It is found that the low-carbon agriculture related actions have strong inheritance in these developed countries:1)the EU mainly advocates nature-based solutions to promote the realization of various green goals in Europe by decoupling economic growth from resource consumption;2)the United States focuses on building climate-smart agroforestry,while meeting the requirements of improving productivity,enhancing the ability of agriculture to cope with climate change and reducing environmental load;3)Japan emphasizes the decarbonization of agricultural through digital,smart,biological and other technological innovation,while at the same time improve and ensure Japan’s food self-sufficiency ratio and domestic production rates.Among them,the EU mainly through restricting the use of certain agricultural inputs,expanding the area of organic farming and other measures to achieve development goals;the United States achieves the development goals mainly by technological innovation;and Japan combines the technical characteristics of the EU and the United States.The core of low-carbon agriculture in the above three economies is to strengthen the management of agricultural greenhouse gas emission and storage through perfect policy support system,appropriate operation and management mode and advanced emission reduction and carbon fixation technology.There is still a big gap between China and countries with high level of low-carbon agriculture,including slow progress in the development of new plants and animals varieties for adaptation and mitigation of climate change,insufficient substitution of clean energy for agricultural production,and continued high greenhouse gas emissions caused by food loss and waste.China should strengthen its planning and layout in such areas as policy planning,scientific and technological support and international cooperation,so as to build China’s low-carbon agricultural industry as early as possible and help China achieve its goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.